BECN1

Beclin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BECN1 gene.[5][6] Beclin-1 is a mammalian ortholog of the yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg6)  and BEC-1 in the C. elegans nematode.[7] This protein interacts with either BCL-2 or PI3k class III, playing a critical role in the regulation of both autophagy and cell death.

BECN1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2P1L, 2PON, 3DVU, 4DDP, 4MI8
Identifiers
Aliases	BECN1, ATG6, VPS30, beclin1, beclin 1
External IDs	OMIM: 604378 MGI: 1891828 HomoloGene: 2794 GeneCards: BECN1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band 17q21.31 Start 42,810,134 bp[1] End 42,833,350 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band 11|11 D Start 101,285,952 bp[2] End 101,302,286 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • GTPase binding • ubiquitin protein ligase binding • protein kinase binding • protein homodimerization activity Cellular component • endosome membrane • cytoplasm • mitochondrial membranes • trans-Golgi network • Golgi apparatus • cytosol • cell nucleus • autophagosome • pre-autophagosomal structure • membrane • dendrite • endoplasmic reticulum • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III, type II • cytoplasmic vesicle • endosome • extrinsic component of membrane • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III, type I • phagocytic vesicle • mitochondrion • macromolecular complex Biological process • negative regulation of cell proliferation • response to hypoxia • cellular response to aluminum ion • response to vitamin E • lysosome organization • cell cycle • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • cellular response to glucose starvation • cellular defense response • cytokinesis • cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus • cell division • receptor catabolic process • autophagy of nucleus • cellular response to nitrogen starvation • GO:0022415 viral process • late endosome to vacuole transport • apoptotic process • cytoplasm to vacuole transport by the Cvt pathway • endocytosis • engulfment of apoptotic cell • positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore • amyloid-beta metabolic process • neuron development • defense response to virus • response to other organism • mitotic metaphase plate congression • response to drug • GO:0048552 regulation of catalytic activity • negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process • regulation of cytokinesis • negative regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of cell death • autophagosome assembly • macroautophagy • aging • response to iron(II) ion • response to lead ion • protein deubiquitination • response to nutrient levels • cellular response to amino acid starvation • cellular response to hydrogen peroxide • cellular response to copper ion • negative regulation of lysosome organization • positive regulation of autophagosome assembly • mitophagy • mitophagy • autophagy • positive regulation of autophagy • response to mitochondrial depolarisation • early endosome to late endosome transport • negative regulation of autophagy • positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy • negative regulation of autophagosome assembly • positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	8678	56208
Ensembl	ENSG00000126581	ENSMUSG00000035086
UniProt	Q14457	O88597
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001313998 NM_001313999 NM_001314000 NM_003766	NM_019584 NM_001359819 NM_001359820 NM_001359821
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001300927 NP_001300928 NP_001300929 NP_003757	NP_062530 NP_001346748 NP_001346749 NP_001346750
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 42.81 – 42.83 Mb	Chr 11: 101.29 – 101.3 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Role in disease

Beclin-1 plays an important role in tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration, being implicated in the autophagic programmed cell death.[8] Ovarian cancer with upregulated autophagy has a less aggressive behavior and is more responsive to chemotherapy.[9]

Schizophrenia is associated with low levels of Beclin-1 in the hippocampus of the affected which causes diminished autophagy which in turn results in increased neuronal cell death.[10]

Interactions

BECN1 has been shown to interact with:

• Bcl-2[5]
• BCL2L2[11]
• GOPC[12]
• MAP1LC3A[9]

Modulators

Trehalose

Trehalose reduces p62/Beclin-1 ratio and increases autophagy in the frontal cortex of ICR mice, possibly by increasing Beclin-1.[13]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126581 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035086 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Liang XH, Kleeman LK, Jiang HH, Gordon G, Goldman JE, Berry G, et al. (November 1998). "Protection against fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis by beclin, a novel Bcl-2-interacting protein". Journal of Virology. 72 (11): 8586–96. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.11.8586-8596.1998. PMC 110269. PMID 9765397.
6. "Entrez Gene: BECN1 beclin 1 (coiled-coil, myosin-like BCL2 interacting protein)".
7. Takacs-Vellai K, Vellai T, Puoti A, Passannante M, Wicky C, Streit A, et al. (August 2005). "Inactivation of the autophagy gene bec-1 triggers apoptotic cell death in C. elegans". Current Biology. 15 (16): 1513–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.035. PMID 16111945. S2CID 7404414.
8. Zhong Y, Wang QJ, Li X, Yan Y, Backer JM, Chait BT, et al. (April 2009). "Distinct regulation of autophagic activity by Atg14L and Rubicon associated with Beclin 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex". Nature Cell Biology. 11 (4): 468–76. doi:10.1038/ncb1854. PMC 2664389. PMID 19270693.
9. Valente G, Morani F, Nicotra G, Fusco N, Peracchio C, Titone R, et al. (2014). "Expression and clinical significance of the autophagy proteins BECLIN 1 and LC3 in ovarian cancer". BioMed Research International. 2014: 462658. doi:10.1155/2014/462658. PMC 4127242. PMID 25136588.
10. Merenlender-Wagner A, Malishkevich A, Shemer Z, Udawela M, Gibbons A, Scarr E, et al. (February 2015). "Autophagy has a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 20 (1): 126–32. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.174. PMC 4320293. PMID 24365867. Lay summary – MediLexicon International Ltd.
11. Erlich S, Mizrachy L, Segev O, Lindenboim L, Zmira O, Adi-Harel S, et al. (2007). "Differential interactions between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 family members". Autophagy. 3 (6): 561–8. doi:10.4161/auto.4713. PMID 17643073.
12. Yue Z, Horton A, Bravin M, DeJager PL, Selimi F, Heintz N (August 2002). "A novel protein complex linking the delta 2 glutamate receptor and autophagy: implications for neurodegeneration in lurcher mice". Neuron. 35 (5): 921–33. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00861-9. PMID 12372286. S2CID 10534933.
13. Kara NZ, Toker L, Agam G, Anderson GW, Belmaker RH, Einat H (September 2013). "Trehalose induced antidepressant-like effects and autophagy enhancement in mice". Psychopharmacology. 229 (2): 367–75. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3119-4. PMID 23644913. S2CID 17641899.

Further reading

• Funderburk SF, Wang QJ, Yue Z (June 2010). "The Beclin 1-VPS34 complex--at the crossroads of autophagy and beyond". Trends in Cell Biology. 20 (6): 355–62. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.03.002. PMC 3781210. PMID 20356743.
• Rommens JM, Durocher F, McArthur J, Tonin P, LeBlanc JF, Allen T, et al. (August 1995). "Generation of a transcription map at the HSD17B locus centromeric to BRCA1 at 17q21". Genomics. 28 (3): 530–42. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1185. PMID 7490091.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Aita VM, Liang XH, Murty VV, Pincus DL, Yu W, Cayanis E, et al. (July 1999). "Cloning and genomic organization of beclin 1, a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q21". Genomics. 59 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5851. PMID 10395800.
• Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, Brown K, Kempkes B, Hibshoosh H, Levine B (December 1999). "Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1". Nature. 402 (6762): 672–6. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..672L. doi:10.1038/45257. PMID 10604474. S2CID 4423132.
• Kihara A, Kabeya Y, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T (April 2001). "Beclin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex functions at the trans-Golgi network". EMBO Reports. 2 (4): 330–5. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve061. PMC 1083858. PMID 11306555.
• Liang XH, Yu J, Brown K, Levine B (April 2001). "Beclin 1 contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal that is required for its autophagy and tumor suppressor function". Cancer Research. 61 (8): 3443–9. PMID 11309306.
• Weinmann AS, Bartley SM, Zhang T, Zhang MQ, Farnham PJ (October 2001). "Use of chromatin immunoprecipitation to clone novel E2F target promoters". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (20): 6820–32. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.20.6820-6832.2001. PMC 99859. PMID 11564866.
• Yue Z, Horton A, Bravin M, DeJager PL, Selimi F, Heintz N (August 2002). "A novel protein complex linking the delta 2 glutamate receptor and autophagy: implications for neurodegeneration in lurcher mice". Neuron. 35 (5): 921–33. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00861-9. PMID 12372286. S2CID 10534933.
• Song H, Xia SL, Liao C, Li YL, Wang YF, Li TP, Zhao MJ (February 2004). "Genes encoding Pir51, Beclin 1, RbAp48 and aldolase b are up or down-regulated in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10 (4): 509–13. doi:10.3748/wjg.v10.i4.509. PMC 4716970. PMID 14966907.
• Scarlatti F, Bauvy C, Ventruti A, Sala G, Cluzeaud F, Vandewalle A, et al. (April 2004). "Ceramide-mediated macroautophagy involves inhibition of protein kinase B and up-regulation of beclin 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (18): 18384–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313561200. PMID 14970205.
• Furuya D, Tsuji N, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N (July 2005). "Beclin 1 augmented cis-diamminedichloroplatinum induced apoptosis via enhancing caspase-9 activity". Experimental Cell Research. 307 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.02.023. PMID 15922724.
• Kruse KB, Brodsky JL, McCracken AA (January 2006). "Characterization of an ERAD gene as VPS30/ATG6 reveals two alternative and functionally distinct protein quality control pathways: one for soluble Z variant of human alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PiZ) and another for aggregates of A1PiZ". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (1): 203–12. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-09-0779. PMC 1345659. PMID 16267277.
• Zeng X, Overmeyer JH, Maltese WA (January 2006). "Functional specificity of the mammalian Beclin-Vps34 PI 3-kinase complex in macroautophagy versus endocytosis and lysosomal enzyme trafficking". Journal of Cell Science. 119 (Pt 2): 259–70. doi:10.1242/jcs.02735. PMID 16390869.
• Shibata M, Lu T, Furuya T, Degterev A, Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, et al. (May 2006). "Regulation of intracellular accumulation of mutant Huntingtin by Beclin 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (20): 14474–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.M600364200. PMID 16522639.
• Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, Patel AJ, Szabó G, Rual JF, et al. (May 2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell. 125 (4): 801–14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569. S2CID 13709685.
• Daniel F, Legrand A, Pessayre D, Vadrot N, Descatoire V, Bernuau D (May 2006). "Partial Beclin 1 silencing aggravates doxorubicin- and Fas-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (18): 2895–900. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i18.2895. PMC 4087807. PMID 16718815.

External links

• Human BECN1 genome location and BECN1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q14457 (Beclin-1) at the PDBe-KB.