Avezzano concentration camp

Avezzano concentration camp was an Italian assembly and detention camp set up in 1916 in the Abruzzo city of the same name during World War I, immediately after the 1915 Marsica earthquake that almost completely destroyed it decimating the population. The detention camp was reserved to about 15,000 prisoners from the Austro-Hungarian army, mainly of Czech–Slovak, Polish, German, and Hungarian nationalities; Romanians, who were gathered in the Romanian Legion of Italy by the end of the conflict, had a garrison and a training camp in Avezzano.[1] Mostly abandoned in 1920, a sector was reused in World War II to house Indian, English, New Zealand, and Pakistani war prisoners.[2]

Avezzano
Internment camp
View of the imprisonment camp during World War I
Avezzano
Location of Avezzano within Italy
Coordinates42°02′53.6″N 13°25′12.9″E
LocationAvezzano, Italy
Operated by Kingdom of Italy
Operational1916–1945

World War I
India ink drawing reproducing the camp with a bird's eye perspective (author unknown, 1920)
Romanian legionaries visiting the "Fucino Incile" (Fucine Inlet - July 1918)

A few months before the Kingdom of Italy's official entry into World War I, the disastrous 1915 earthquake almost completely destroyed the city of Avezzano, razing to the ground a lot of centers in Marsica and the nearby provinces as well. Because of the earthquake, the city recorded a population loss of about 90%.[3] Despite everything, the few young men who had survived and belonged to the age classes of the last years of the nineteenth century[4] were not exempted from military service and were called to the recruitment in the army at war and to the mobilization towards the Karst Plateau. In a short time, the youth who had survived the earthquake had to abandon the devastated areas, leaving a real generation void.

In order to support the reconstruction of the city, in the second half of 1916 the Salandra government decided to install Central Italy's largest concentration camp for Austro-Hungarian war prisoners. Capable to house about 15,000 internees and 1,000 Royal Italian Army officers and soldiers in charge of guard, the camp also had a larger extension than Abruzzo internment camps and Servigliano imprisonment camp. Officially coded as PG091, the camp was located in an area north of the city, in a piece of land of about 33 hectares (82 acres), where 192 masonry and wooden pavilions were erected for prisoners' shelter and logistical services.[5]

Besides the military engineering warehouse-office, built near the Cimarosa Cottage (Villino Cimarosa), several urbanization and logistics works were carried out in the camp: the military command-house, the small hospital, the sutler's shop, the stores, the guard building, the internal road system, the water plant connected to the Tre Conche reservoirs through 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) pipes, the almost 8-kilometre-long (5.0 mi) sewing network, the power network system.[6]

Prisoners' works
The Villino Cimarosa ("Cimarosa Cottage"), formerly the military engineering office headquarters
The Tre Conche ("Three Reservoirs")

The prisoners of Avezzano concentration camp were engaged, in observance of the international directives established by the Geneva Convention, in a number of works such as removal of the rubble from the 1915 earthquake, co-operation to the reconstruction of the new city through the building of roads and public buildings, agricultural works in the Fucino fields left uncultivated, reclamation of rivers and streams, planting of the pinewood with the primary purpose of protecting the area from the frosty winds coming in winter from Mount Velino,[7] afforestation of Mount Salviano and Mount Tino in Celano and extraordinary repairs to the municipal cemetery.[8] There were also requests for help by the mountain municipalities of Marsica and the province on the occasion of natural disasters, such as the heavy winter snowfalls.[9]

The cemetery
Monument to the former cemetery in Chiusa Resta

The cemetery was erected in a distant position from the prison in the location of Chiusa Resta, an area already used for cemeterial services since 1656, the year of the Great Plague. The burial place was closed in 1881 owing to the necessity to build, along the road to Luco dei Marsi near the Church of St Mary in Vico, a municipal cemetery which was safer from the health point of view and more suitable for the city's new needs, during a period of demographic and social growth. While deceased officers were buried next to the St Mary in Vico cemetery, the Chiusa Resta graveyard was set up again to accommodate the corpses of the 850 Bohemian, Czech–Slovak, Croatian, Polish, Serbian, German, Hungarian internees and Romanians from Banat, Bukovina and Transilvania who had died between 1917 and 1919.[10] Almost all corpses, about 770, were exhumed between 1969 and 1991 in order to be moved to the Asiago War Memorial. The dismantlement of the cemetery officially occurred beginning in 1991.[11][12] In 2007, following the further building expansion of this area, it was arranged for the last remains to be exhumed and returned to foreign authorities.[13][14]

Abolition of the camp

At the end of the war, prisoners had to wait several months before returning home, because of the territorial disputes among the new states born in Central and Eastern Europe. On 23 September 1920, Deputy Camillo Corradini obtained the free transfer of several buildings, including the Cimarosa Cottage, in favour of the Avezzano municipality.[15] Some huts and pavilions were also transferred to Italian State Civil Engineering and Italian State Railways, while most of the occupied land was returned to its owners.[16]

World War II

During World War II, a sector of the concentration camp was reopened to confine prisoners from the Allied forces who opposed the Axis powers. Put under the control of the Royal Italian Army and later of German units, the camp housed Indian, English, New Zealand, and Pakistani war prisoners. During the war, German General Albert Kesselring had his headquarters, with more than 200 officers and about 1,000 soldiers, established near Albe Castle.[17] The city of Avezzano, having become a transit place at the service of Nazi troops, suffered heavy bombing from the Allies, which caused several civil victims and damages to 70% of the architectural heritage restored a few years after the 1915 earthquake.[18] During the feverish bombing period a lot of prisoners escaped from the camp, managing to find shelter in Marsica mountain villages or in the most inaccessible areas of the Abruzzi Apennines.[19]

Dismantlement of the camp

The definitive dismantlement of the camp occurred in the years after World War II: most huts were demolished or replaced with modern buildings, including the one used as a church. Few ruins and the foundations of some masonry pavilions are still visible inside the pinewood.[20] The remains of the electricity substation of Roveto Electrical company[6] lie between Don Minzoni and Fosse Ardeatine streets, in the modern Borgo Pineta district. The Tre Conche reservoirs, restored several times, are located inside the pinewood,[21] while the Cimarosa Cottage is placed sideways to the Church of Madonna del Passo.[22]

References
  1. Marco Baratto (December 2008). "La collaborazione romena alla guerra in Italia" (in Italian). InStoria. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  2. Ciranna & Montuori 2015, pp. 51–56.
  3. "Il terremoto" (in Italian). Comune di Avezzano. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  4. Fulvio D'Amore (13 October 2014). "Il Massacro dei fanti contadini Marsicani nella Prima Guerra Mondiale (1915–1918)". Terre Marsicane. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  5. Francesco Proia (11 April 2018). "La storia, le foto d'epoca e i resti del PG091, il campo di concentramento di Avezzano". Marsica Live. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  6. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, p. 25.
  7. Paolo Guadagni (23 May 2009). "Pineta Tre Conche". il Centro.
  8. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, pp. 177–204.
  9. Alvaro Salvi (3 August 1995). "Campo di concentramento: morti e feriti". Borgo Pineta verso il 2000 (in Italian).
  10. Ciranna & Montuori 2015, p. 54.
  11. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, pp. 41–69.
  12. Eliseo Palmieri (26 March 1991). "Smantellato il cimitero dei prigionieri". Il Tempo (in Italian).
  13. La Grande Guerra in Abruzzo. Viali e parchi della rimembranza e monumenti ai caduti, cataloguing of 17 September 2014 (in Italian), MiBACT
  14. Idia Pelliccia (9 June 2015). "Cimitero di Via Piana lasciato al degrado: un progetto di riqualificazione per l'anno della memoria" (in Italian). Marsica News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  15. Press release of Avezzano Municipality signed by Special Delegate Francesco Benigni (in Italian), Avezzano Branch of National Archives, 11 September 1920.
  16. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, pp. 246–253.
  17. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, p. 351.
  18. Palmieri 2006, p. 106.
  19. Paolo Rumiz (18 January 2015). "Il terremoto dimenticato" (in Italian). la Repubblica. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  20. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, p. 352.
  21. "Le Tre Conche…" (in Italian). Marsica Live. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  22. Maccallini & Losardo 1996, pp. 168–176.

Bibliography
  • Simonetta Ciranna; Patrizia Montuori (2015). Avezzano, la Marsica e il circondario a cento anni dal sisma del 1915: città e territori tra cancellazione e reinvenzione (in Italian). L'Aquila: Consiglio Regionale dell'Abruzzo. SBN IT\ICCU\RMS\2695461.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Enzo Maccallini; Lucio Losardo (1996). Prigionieri di guerra ad Avezzano: il campo di concentramento, memorie da salvare (in Italian). Avezzano: Archeoclub d'Italia, Sezione della Marsica. SBN IT\ICCU\AQ1\0038012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Eliseo Palmieri (2006). Avezzano, un secolo di immagini (in Italian). Pescara: Paolo de Siena. SBN IT\ICCU\TER\0011256.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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