Australian rules football during the World Wars

Australian rules football was heavily affected by both World War I and World War II. Hundreds of leading players served their country abroad, and many lost their lives. On the home front, competitions like the Victorian Football League (VFL) went ahead during these wars, but faced many restrictions.

Australian soldiers, sailors, and airmen take part in an impromptu game of end-to-end Australian rules football in Central Australia in 1944.

World War I

In March 1915, the VFL voted on whether or not to suspend the 1915 season, but voted in favour of playing by 13 votes to four. The season began on 24 April, the day before Australian troops landed at Gallipoli. Attendances were poor throughout the year.

St Kilda changed their club colours because their traditional red, white and black colours were the same as the German Empire. Their new colours of black, red and yellow were chosen as support to Australia's ally Belgium, where a group of St Kilda players were serving.

The 1916 season was heavily affected by the war. Only four clubs, Carlton, Collingwood, Fitzroy and Richmond, competed in the league. The other clubs withdrew from the competition, both out of Australian patriotism and as a result of player shortage. Despite finishing the home and away season in last place, Fitzroy won the Grand Final that year.

Both Geelong and South Melbourne returned to the league in 1917, while St Kilda and Essendon made their comeback in 1918. Melbourne spent the longest time out of the league, missing three seasons before rejoining the VFL in 1919.

The West Australian Football League (WAFL) continued to play throughout the war; however due to a lack of players and very poor on-field records North Fremantle and Midland Junction were forced to disband after the 1915 and 1917 seasons respectively. Neither was to return after the war, though attempts to revive Midland Junction were made in the 1920s.

The South Australian Football League (SAFL) suspended play in favour of a "patriotic competition" between 1916 and 1918.

"Pioneer Exhibition Game" in London (1916)

On Saturday 28 October 1916, the former Olympic champion swimmer and the later Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire, organised an Australian Rules football match between two teams of Australian servicemen in aid of the British and French Red Cross.[1]

The match was suggested by Brigadier-General Sir Newton Moore, in conjunction with the late Sir John Monash, then in command of the 3rd Australian Division. They agreed that if it was possible the game should be in London.
The two generals deputed Col. C.A.K. Johnson to get to work to arrange details and to provide if possible two first-class teams. He in turn got in touch with Major [Cyril Wilberforce] St John Clarke and with him things got moving. There is always a bit of handing down in the military, but to be on the safe side you always have to start at the top.
Clark handed the organising to Lieut. [Harold] Bartram of the 2nd Brigade, and Frank Beaurepaire represented the 3rd Division. The Third Division as they were still intact, were to oppose the rest of the Divisions in England, 1st. 2nd, 4th and 5th, and the profits of the match, which eventually came to £1000 went to the British and Red Cross Societies.
An office was obtained in London, and from this headquarters Lt. Bartram and Beaurepalre did their organising, which took close on three months. Lord Stanfordham, private secretary to King George, gave a donation of £5/5/-, and former Governor-General. Lord Denman also subscribed.
In the attractive printed programme there was a clear explanation of the game, which made it easy for spectators to follow, and some excellent sketches by Australian artists Ruby Lind, Will Dyson, Fred Leist, Laurie Taylor, Cecil Hartt, and [Dan] Lindsay. No special price was set on these, and a staff of 80 girls volunteered to dispose of them, a prize being offered for the girl whose work netted best returns. The winner handed in more than £70.
The charge of the ground was 1/-, 2/6 and 10/-. The Duke of Windsor, then Prince of Wales, and ex-King Manuel unofficially attended. The Training Unit team wore a red jersev with a white kangaroo on the left breast, red stockings and dark knickers, and the 3rd Division wore a navy jersey with a white map of Australia in the centre on the breast, navy stockings and white knickers.
     (C. McMullen, The Sporting Globe, 28 October 1939.)[2]

The match was promoted as the "Pioneer Exhibition Game of Australian Football in London". It was held at Queen's Club, West Kensington before an estimated crowd of 3,000,[3][4] which included the (then) Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII), and King Manuel II of Portugal.

    An Australian football match (an Australian Division v. Training Groups) will be played at Queen's Club, West Kensington, tomorrow, at 3 p.m., in aid of the British and French Red Cross Funds. The game, played by 18 players a side, will show how Australians have combined "Soccer" and Rugby. (The Times, Friday, 27 October 1916.)[5]

The members of the competing teams, Australian Training Units and The Third Australian Divisional Team, were all highly skilled footballers, the majority of whom had already played senior football in their respective states.

A news film was taken at the match.[6][7][8]

The Australian Training Units Team
The Third Australian Divisional Team

"Pioneer Exhibition Game": Participants

In order to celebrate the match Beaurepaire commissioned a set of team photographs that were inserted into a mounting board decorated with a British Union Jack and an Australian Red Ensign, that had "Australian Football in London. Pioneer Exhibition Game. At Queen's Club, West Kensington. Saturday 28 Oct. 1916" at its head, and "Organizer of Match & Donor of Photos to Club Lieut. Frank Beaurepaire" at its foot.[9]

The names that follow are taken from the names of the team members and officials that appear beneath each of the photographs on the mounted set; some of the names have been corrected from VFL records, A.I.F. records, Gerald Brosnan's lengthy article in the Melbourne Winner,[10] etc.

Official Programme

The match's official original programme provided a list of "Names and Numbers of Players", 25 for the "3rd Australian Division", and 26 for the "Combined Training Groups", from whom the teams for the day would be selected.[11]

The football

The football used in the match was clearly marked "The AIF Ball" on one side, and "Match II" on the other.[12][13][14]

They were made especially for the match by Claude Cecil McMullen (1893-1960),[15] who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordham's football factory, in Sydney Road, Brunswick,[16] prior to his enlistment in the First AIF.[17][18]

          THE BALL AND ITS MAKER
The ball with which the match was played, was made by Corporal C. M'Mulien (formerly with H. Fordham, Brunswick), and writing to the Editor of "The Winner" he says he feels it an honor to have made the first football for the first exhibition match under Australian rules in London.
He also made the first football for the Australian Divisions in Egypt, and altogether has made 216 footballs since enlisting, for the amusement of the troops.
This in itself is a good record and seeing that all the balls are hand-stitched, even the mouthpiece, it speaks well for his industry, and also for his loyalty in devoting his spare time to providing the means of recreation for his comrades.
He calls his ball "The A.I.F. Ball".
     (Gerald Brosnan, The Winner, 20 December 1916.)

Officials

The Field Umpires were Corporal Gray (first half of the match)[19] and George Barry (second half of the match),[20][21] the Boundary Umpires were Sinton Hewitt,[22] and E.J. Watts,[23] and the Goal Umpires were Lieutenant A. Olsson[24] and S.M. Keen.[19]

Australian Training Units Team

The team played in a red guernsey with a large white kangaroo on its left breast, and in black shorts.[25][26]

The team's captain was Charlie Perry (Norwood).[27]

The team members were: Jack Cooper (Fitzroy) (vice-captain), [28] eighth man (seventh player) from left, top row; Percy Trotter (East Fremantle), third from left (of five) in middle row;[29] Clyde Donaldson (Essendon),[30] sixth man (fifth player) from left, top row; Harry Kerley (Collingwood); [31] John Hoskins (Melbourne);[32][33][34] Hugh Boyd (University/South Bendigo), at the right of the five seated players in the middle row;[35] Stan Martin (University),[36] ninth man (eighth player) from left, top row; A.C. Cesari (Association), player kneeling at far right;[37][38][39] Ossy Armstrong (Geelong);[40] J. Scullin (South Fremantle);[41] E. Maxfield (Fremantle);[42] Thomas Paine (Northam);[43] George Bower (South Melbourne),[44] second man (first player) from left, top row; McDonald (Essendon);[45] Alf Jackson (Essendon);[46] and Alf Moore (Norwood).[47][48]

Third Australian Divisional Team

The team played in a blue guernsey with a large white map of Australia (minus Tasmania) on the centre of its front, and in white shorts.[49]

The team's captain was Bruce Sloss (South Melbourne),[50] seated at left of the team's manager, Frank Beaurepaire (the man in uniform), middle row.

The team members were:[51] Jack Brake (University and Melbourne);[52] Dan Minogue (Collingwood) (vice-captain),[53] seated at right of Frank Beaurepaire, middle row; Carl Willis (University, South Melbourne);[54] Leo Little (Melbourne);[55] Bill Sewart (Essendon);[56] James Pugh (City);[57] H.M. Moyes (St Kilda);[58] Percy Jory (St Kilda);[59] Charlie Lilley (Melbourne);[60] Les Lee (Richmond),[61] fourth player from left, top row; Cyril Hoft (Perth),[62] player at right of middle row with back row team mates' hands on his shoulders; Stan Martin (University); Ned Alley (Williamstown, formerly South Melbourne);[63] Hugh James (Richmond),[64] fourth player from right, top row; Benjamin Mills (Brunswick);[65] Jim Foy (East Perth);[66] and Billy Orchard (Geelong),[67] player at left, top row.

"Pioneer Exhibition Game": Result

Played in a very strong wind which favoured one end of the ground, the Third Australian Divisional Team beat the Australian Training Units Team 6.16 (52) to 4.12 (36);[68] the progressive scores were:[69]

  • First Quarter: Divisional: 0.2 (2); Training Units 2.5 (17).
  • Second Quarter: Divisional: 2.10 (22); Training Units 2.7 (19).
  • Third Quarter: Divisional: 2.13 (25); Training Units 4.9 (33).
  • Final Quarter: Divisional: 6.16 (52); Training Units: 4.12 (36).
  • Goals: Divisional: Moyes (2), Willis (2), Jory (1), and Lee (1); Training Units: Moore (1), Paine (1), Maxfield (1), and Armstrong (1).[70]

            AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL: NOVEL MATCH AT QUEEN'S CLUB.

        The Times, Monday, 30 October 1916.[71]
    Over 3,000 people watched a football match at Queen's Club on Saturday between team from an Australian Division and another representing Training Details. The game was played under Australian rules, and was a novelty to most of those present.
    The ground is oval, running to 120 yards in width and 180 yards in length. The goal posts have no cross-bar, and as long as a ball is kicked through them the height does not matter. A penalty goal can be dropped, punted, or placed, and in passing the short kick is much used, the off-side rule being non-existent. All the rules are designed with the object of making the game a fast one, and it has certainly the look of being that. There are four-quarters of 20 (sic) minutes each, and after the first and third there is merely a quick change round and no interval.
    The spectators were also treated to their first exhibition of Australian "barracking". This barracking is a cheerful running commentary, absolutely without prejudice, on the players, the spectators, the referee, the line umpires, and lastly the game itself. On Saturday it was mostly concerned with references to the military history of the teams engaged. When a catch was missed, for instance, a shrill and penetrating voice inquired of the abashed player, "D'you think, it's a bomb? It's not, it's a ball." On one side there was a colonel playing among the backs and the captain of the other side was a chaplain, and a popular one, to judge by the cheery advice that he got from the privates on the line and in the stand.
    The men playing on Saturday were not used to each other, but though the teams thus lacked combination the game was fast, and there were some excellent displays of high marking and kicking for goal. The Division eventually won by six goals and 16 behinds (52 points) to four goals and 12 behinds (36 points). All the gate money and profits from programmes went to the funds of the British and French Red Cross Societies.

Other matches
Australian Football on the Western Front World War 1 H85.55/160/88 State Library Victoria

Pick up games of Australian Rules football were popular amongst the Australian soldiers in World War 1. Private Victor Laidlaw describes one such match between his 2nd Field Ambulance and the Light Horse in Cairo in January 1915:

We had a great football yesterday (Aust. rules) it was between 2nd Field Ambulance and 4th Light Horse, it was a great game, it was played in Cairo and after an exciting game the Light Horse won by 3 points, we were leading up till a few minutes to go when a L.H. received a free kick which ended it. Heedless to say all players were pretty stiff, I would have been playing but for a badly cut finger which wasn't quite well. We got back to camp about 11 o'clock. [72]

Lieutenant Lionel Short gave a vivid and amusing account of another game played on a field pockmarked by shells. The game he wrote, was:

...more famous for its spirit than its skill.....Although there were some good men amongst the players, even League and Association members, they had little chance of showing their onetime prowess The melted snow made the ground as slippery as a banana skin, the obstacles impeded rushes, and the players themselves sadly lacked practice. Certainly the game was conspicuous for the absence of fine marking and long shots. The passing was too often to the other side. [73]

Despite the difficulties of the game, Lieutenant Short ends with a poignant reminder of why these games were so important:

That night saw officers and sergeants again on the front line on a tour of inspection previous to another term of duty in the trenches. But it is certain that the game had given them fresh heart. It carried them back to those happy days when football was played in certain Melbourne suburbs they called “home”. And it is in such happy thoughts and memories that we soldiers live. [74]

Two men wrote that they had organised soldiers from Port Melbourne to take on all challengers noting “We hope to gain for the Port Melbourne Railway Union Football Club a name as renowned in France as the name is in Melbourne junior football circles" [75]

World War II

Domestic competitions
Former Collingwood footballer and 1936 Stawell Gift winner, Flying Officer Ron McCann (left), and former Fitzroy captain, Leading Aircraftman Frank Curcio (right) listening to the 1944 VFL Grand Final while stationed in Dutch New Guinea.

Disputes over whether football should be played in wartime came up again in World War II.

The VFL continued operation, but Geelong withdrew from the 1942 and 1943 VFL seasons when rail and road transport restrictions made it too difficult for supporters to attend games in Melbourne. Because the Melbourne Cricket Ground and the Lake Oval were taken over by the United States Air Force as bases, Melbourne and South Melbourne had to play their home games elsewhere, whilst the Junction Oval for two seasons and the Western Oval for 1942 were also commandeered.

The VFL's Brownlow Medal for the "fairest and best" player was not awarded for four seasons - 1942 to 1945.

The Western Australian National Football League restricted the competition to players under the age of 18 in 1942, and under 19 in 1943 and 1944;[76] and the eight South Australian National Football League clubs temporarily merged into four combined clubs for a reduced competition between 1942 and 1944.

In 1940, both the SANFL and the VFL staged the first Australian football Lightning Carnivals as fundraising events. The carnivals featured every team in the league in a one-day knockout tournament, featuring shortened games. Several more of these carnivals were held by major and minor leagues as wartime fundraisers.[77][78]

Libya

Australian rules football also played a significant part in the Australian forces during the war, with the first Australian assault in Libya commencing with the signal of a football being kicked into no-man's land.[79]

Prisoners of War

Australian rules football was also played by Prisoners of War throughout World War II, with competitions held in Singapore and Germany.[80] The Changi Football League, played at Changi Prison was held in 1942/43 and contested by teams called "Melbourne", "Richmond", "Essendon" and "Carlton",[81] while a League was also set up at Stalag 383, near Nuremberg, contested by the "Kangaroos", "Emus", Kookaburras" and Wallabies".[82]

The Changi Football League, run by Brownlow Medalist Wilfred Smallhorn, awarded its only Changi Brownlow for Best and Fairest to Peter Chitty, a former St Kilda footballer.[82]

VFL players who died in active service
Main article: List of Victorian Football League players who died in active service

Many VFL players served in the armed services, and a number lost their lives, including Ron Barassi Sr., Bruce Sloss and Len Thomas.

Commemorations

Since 1995 a match between Collingwood and Essendon has taken place on Anzac Day at the Melbourne Cricket Ground as a tribute to those who died serving their country.

Other games, including the Len Hall Game hosted by Fremantle at Subiaco Oval, and games in Wellington, New Zealand have also been held to commemorate past and present members of the armed forces.

All games held on the weekend closest to ANZAC Day have a small memorial ceremony, and the Last Post, a minutes silence, and, then, The Rouse played before the game.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Anon, 27 October 1916.
  2. [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article180250745 C. McMullen, "Diggers Show London Australian Football: Raise £1000 for Red Cross", The Sporting Globe, (Saturday, 28 October 1939), p.5.)
  3. Anon, 30 October 1916.
  4. Cribbings & Criticisms, The (Melbourne) Sporting Judge, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.1; General Cable News, The Kalgoorlie Western Argus, (Tuesday, 7 November 1916), p.33.
  5. Anon, "News in Brief", The Times, Issue 41309, (Friday, 27 October 1916), p.15, column B.
  6. Two stills from the news film appear at Holmesby & Main, (1996), p.49.
  7. The original newsreel: Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916) on YouTube
  8. The 2019 remastered and colourised version of the original newsreel: Australian Football (Pathé Newsreel, 1916), remastered and colourised version (2019) on YouTube
  9. A photograph of the mounted set that was sent to the Collingwood Football Club appears at Ross, (1996), p.89; Ross lists the source of the photograph as the Collingwood Football Club on p.370 (which is consistent with the mounted set being prepared, in part, for donation to each player's club). An almost identical pair of photographs, taken by the same photographer, at the same time (the fourth and the third players from the right in the back row also have their hands on the shoulders of the player seated at the right of the middle row), of the same men, are held by the Australian War Memorial (see Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine and Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine). Note that, on the evidence of the date on the mounting board (Ross, p.89), and the Times newspaper reports of 27 and 30 October 1916, and that in the text of Holmesby & Main, (1996, p.49), who had access to the news film — all of which place the match on Saturday 28 October 1916 — the date currently (viz., at 25 April 2008) given by the Australian War Memorial for the match (i.e., 2 November 1916) is mistaken.
  10. Brosnan (1916); The A.I.F match in London, 1916, Australianfootball.com
  11. Programme, p.7.
  12. "Match II" was a generic descriptor, used by Fordham, Sherrin, Ross Faulkner, the Melbourne Sports Depot, and others, to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of a quality that could be used in First XVIII VFL matches (see, for example, Riley, Michael, "The Same Game, A Different Ball", Boyles Football Photos, 10 November 2013).
  13. Historic Football, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 May 1917), p.7.
  14. The AIF Ball, collection of the Dandenong/Cranbourne RSL Sub Branch, victoriancollections.net.au.
  15. Deaths, McMullen, The Age, (Monday, 20 June 1960), p.16.
  16. For example, Fordham footballs (which contrasted with the "Sherrin" footballs, especially designed to facilitate stab-kicking) were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League in 1907 (Football: Goldfields Football League, The (Boulder) Evening Star, (Tuesday, 18 June 1907), p.4); and, also, were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association (VFA) for fourteen years (Fordham Footballs, The Sporting Globe, (Wednesday, 24 April 1940), p.13).
  17. World War One Service Record: Corporal Claude Cecil McMullen (3350), National Archives of Australia.
  18. Our Sportsmen at the Front: Life in Egypt and England: Making Footballs, The Winner, (Wednesday, 23 August 1916), p.9.
  19. Unable to identify this individual any further from the information provided with the mounted photographs.
  20. Australian Rules, The Arrow, (Saturday, 14 July 1917), p.2.
  21. Private George Thomas Barry (6777). First World War Embarkation Roll: George Thomas Barry; World War Nominal Roll (Barry,Benjamin John – Barry, Henry Albert).
  22. Sergeant Thomas Sinton Hewitt (129). He was a well-performed long distance runner (Holmesby & Main, (1996), p.49); he represented Australia, running under the name of "Sinton Hewitt", in both the marathon (finishing 30th, in 3h 3m 27s) and the 10,000 metres (finishing tenth in his heat, time unknown) at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium. Listed on photograph mount as "T.S. Hewitt". First World War Embarkation Roll: Thomas Sinton Hewitt; Australian Olympic Committee Statistics: Sinton Hewitt (Athletics).
  23. Private Edward John Watts (6372).First World War Embarkation Roll: Edward John Watts
  24. Lieutenant Alexander Emil Olsson.First World War Embarkation Roll: Alexander Emil Olsson
  25. Beaten, But Not Disgraced: The Defeated Team — Australian Training Units, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7.
  26. That 1916 Match, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 25 September 1954), p.15.
  27. Charles Julius Perry had enlisted as a Methodist Chaplain on 16 November 1915, aged 27 (First World War Embarkation Roll: Charles Julius Perry). At the time of the match he was a Chaplain-Captain, later in the war he was promoted to Chaplain-Major. He had played 58 senior games with Norwood Football Club, and had finished first in a three-way tie for the South Australian Football League's best and fairest award, the Magarey Medal in 1915 ("Full Points Footy Biography: Charles Perry". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.). Listed on photograph mount as "Capt. C.J. Perry (capt) Norwood". On 24 January 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel H.D.K. Macartney (Australian Dictionary of Biography: Macartney, Henry Dundas Keith (1880–1932)), the Officer Commanding of the 3rd Australian Divisional Artillery recommended that Perry be awarded an Officer of the Order of the British Empire: "During the period Sept.17th to Decr.31st 1918, Chaplain-Major PERRY has been Chaplain to the 8th Aust.F.A.Brigade [viz., Australian Field Artillery Brigade]. His duties have always been carried out in a thoroughly cheerful and tactful manner, and throughout the rapid advance, leading up to the cessation of hostilities, his gallant bearing and unselfish devotion to duty, generally under adverse conditions, have materially assisted the administration of this Unit. He has been a splendid example to both Officers and men. [Signed] H.D.K. Macartney, Lieut-Colonel. Commander, 3rd. Aust. Div. Artillery."(Honours and awards (Recommendations: First World War): Recommendation for Charles Julius Perry to be awarded a (sic) Order of the British Empire). There is no indication within the records at the Australian War Memorial as to whether the Officer of the Order of the British Empire was ever awarded to Perry as Macartney had recommended.
  28. Lance-Corporal John Thomas Cooper (4753), 8th Battalion, First A.I.F., died on 20 September 1917 in the Battle of Passchendaele, at Polygon Wood, in Belgium. Listed on photograph mount as "J. Cooper Fitzroy". Main, J. & Allen, D., (2002), pp.39–42. Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: John Thomas Cooper (4753); "Full Points Footy Biography: Jack Cooper". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012..
  29. Private Percy George Trotter (5791). Listed on photograph mount as "P.G. Trotter Fremantle". First World War Embarkation Roll: Percy George Trotter; First World War Nominal Roll (Trotter, Percy George – Trowbridge, Alec Roy). He had played 109 games for Fitzroy in the VFL from 1901 to 1906. AFL Statistics: Percy Trotter.
  30. Private Clyde Donaldson (251). Listed on photograph mount as "J. Donaldson Essendon". First World War Embarkation Roll: Clyde Donaldson; "Full Points Footy Biography: Clyde Donaldson". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.
  31. Private Henry Charles Kerley (1687). Listed on photograph mount as "H. Kerly Collingwood". First World War Embarkation Roll: Henry Charles Kerley; AFL Statistics: Harry Kerley
  32. Listed in the programme and on the photograph mount as "J. Hoskins Melbourne".
  33. This is almost certainly Private John Hoskins (5708), 6th Battalion, First A.I.F. His record on the Army's embarkation roll indicates that, at the time of his enlistment (4 March 1916), he was 21. His occupation was listed as labourer, and his address was given as Mumbannar in far western Victoria, and that of his father (as next of kin) in the nearby town of Heywood, Victoria. (See also: Dartmoor District Soldiers Avenue of Honour, The Hamilton Spectator, (Tuesday, 24 September 1918), p.3.
  34. There is no record of anyone with the family name of Hoskins ever playing senior football for the Melbourne Football Club; and there is no record of anyone with the family name of Hoskins playing VFL football around that time. Given his age, and the fact he would have been 20 in the 1915 football season, it is reasonable to assume that he would have been too young to have been a footballer at senior level, and that the "Melbourne" refers to his embarkation point. He returned to Australia on 13 July 1919. First World War Embarkation Roll: John Hoskins; First World War Nominal Roll: (Hoskins, Charles Healey – Hoskisson, Thomas John). Note that Dan Minogue refers to him as "Jim Hockins (Melbourne)" (Minogue & Millard, 1937); however, again, there's no such individual listed with Melbourne.
  35. Listed on photograph mount as "H. Boyd", with no team given. AFL Statistics: Hugh Boyd; First World War Service Record: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, National Archives of Australia; First World War Nominal Roll: Lieutenant Hugh Julian Boyd, Australian War Museum; Australian WWI Acts of Valour: Military Cross: Boyd, Hugh Julian, ww1valour.weebly.com.
  36. Corporal Stanley Carlton Martin (4488), 22nd Battalion, First A.I.F., died at Bullecourt, France on 3 May 1917. Listed on photograph mount as "S.C. Martin University". First World War Embarkation Roll: Stanley Carlton Martin (4488); Main, J. & Allen, D., (2002), pp.114–115; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Stanley Carlton Martin (4488); AFL Statistics: Stan Martin.
  37. Name indistinct on photograph of mounting. Unable to identify this individual any further. Atkinson (1982), p. 7. gives name as "Cesari".
  38. The programme has "A.C. Cesavi Association", "6th T.B., Rolleston (sic), "B" Group" (i.e., the same as Hoskins and Martin).
  39. A 1954 newspaper article () identifies one "W. Cesari", of South Melbourne Football Club, as the owner of a programme for the event. Boyles Football Photos (at ) has a photograph of the same "W. Cesari" as one of the trainers at South Melbourne -- along with a note that one "Italo Cesari" was formerly a VFL umpire (AFL Umpires Association records that "Italo Cesari" officiated, as field umpire, in three senior VFL games in 1927). A 1927 newspaper report () notes that the field umpire, "Italo Cesari", was "a former Dromana footballer" (thus matching the generic description "Association"). "Italo Cesari" (service number 4070) served in the First AIF (service record at ). Photograph of "Italo Cesari (4070)" at ; also at .
  40. Gartland, Bob. "Almanac Footy History: Ossie not Charlie – in search of a player". Footy Almanac. Footy Almanac. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  41. Private John Joseph Scullin (767), 28th Battalion, First A.I.F., died at Villers-Bretonneux, France on 29 July 1916. Listed on photograph mount as "J. Scullin S. Fremantle". First World War Embarkation Roll: John Joseph Scullin; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: John Joseph Scullin (767)
  42. Unable to identify further.
  43. Private Thomas Paine (5656). Listed on photograph mount as "T. Paine Northam". First World War Embarkation Roll: Thomas Paine.
  44. Private George Buxton Bower (1446). Listed on photograph mount as "J. Bower S. Melb". First World War Embarkation Roll: George Buxton Bower; AFL Statistics: George Bower; "Full Points Footy Biography: George Bower". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.
  45. Listed on photograph mount as "— McDonald Essendon".Unable to identify further; no initials or given name provided; could have been any of four McDonalds who played for Essendon in the VFL between 1905 and 1912 — or, even, it might refer to another individual who might have played for Essendon Town / Essendon "A" in the VFA. In support of this view, Maplestone, (1996), p.90 speaks of Clyde Donaldson, Bill Sewart, and Bruce Sloss as Essendon-connected players who took part in this match, but does not speak of anyone called McDonald.
  46. Lieutenant-Colonel (eventually Brigadier) Alfred Jackson (1887–1964), OBE, VD. Listed on photograph mount as "Lt. Col. Jackson S. Australia". Australian Military Units Service Record: Brigadier Alfred Jackson, OBE, VD; First World War Embarkation Roll: Alfred Jackson; Honours and awards (gazetted): Officer of the Order of the British Empire: Alfred Jackson; Australian War Memorial: First World War Nominal Roll: (Jackson,Albert – Jackson, Alfred John).
  47. World War One Service Record: Lieutenant Alfred McLaren Moore (642), National Archives of Australia.
  48. A Gumeracha Volunteer, The (Adelaide) Register, (Tuesday, 23 March 1915), p.8.
  49. Well-Known Players at Queen's Club: The Winners — The Third Australian Divisional Team, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7.
  50. Lieutenant Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss, 10th Machine Gun Company, First A.I.F., was killed in action at Armentières, Northern France, on 4 January 1917. Listed on photograph mount as "B. Sloss (capt) Sth. Melb.". Main & Allen, (2002), pp.179–183; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Bruce Moses Farquhar Sloss; AFL Statistics: Bruce Sloss; "Full Points Footy Biography: Bruce Sloss". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012..
  51. Well-Known Players at Queens Club, The Winner, (Wednesday, 20 December 1916), p.7.
  52. Lieutenant James Brake. Listed on photograph mount as "Lt. J. Brake University". First World War Embarkation Roll: James Brake; "Full Points Footy Biography: Jack Brake". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.; AFL Statistics: Jack Brake.
  53. Gunner Daniel Thomas Minogue (24559). Listed in the programme as "D. Minoque Collingwood", and on the photograph mount as "D. Minogue Collingwood". First World War Nominal Roll (Minns,George Albert – Minster, Carlos Edward); First World War Embarkation Roll: Daniel Thomas Minogue; AFL Statistics: Dan Minogue; "Full Points Footy Biography: Dan Minogue". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012..
  54. Lance-Corporal Carl Bleakley Willis (346). Listed on photograph mount as "C. Willis Sth. Melb.". First World War Embarkation Roll: Carl Bleakley Willis; (AFL Statistics: Carl Willis).
  55. Sergeant Leo Paul Little (317). Listed on photograph mount as "L. Little Melbourne". First World War Embarkation Roll: Leo Paul Little; Honours and awards (gazetted) Military Cross: Lieutenant Leo Paul Little; First World War Nominal Roll (Little,John Henry – Little, Sidney Joseph); AFL Statistics: Leo Little.
  56. Private William Isaac Sewart (307). Listed on photograph mount as "W. Sewart Essendon". First World War Embarkation Roll: William Isaac Sewart; First World War Nominal Roll (Sewart,William Isaac – Sewell, Philip Heauchamp); AFL Statistics: Bill Sewart; "Full Points Footy Biography: William Sewart". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
  57. Sergeant James Pugh (253), 40th Battalion, First A.I.F. Listed on photograph mount as "J. Pugh Launceston". Jack Pugh enlisted in Launceston. City, the club he played for in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association, was a team based in Launceston. He was a prominent footballer and athlete. He was killed in action on 28 January 1917, in France. Information supplied to Australian War Memorial by Pugh's father; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: James Pugh; First World War Embarkation Roll: James Pugh.
  58. Sapper Harold Milne Moyes (10993). Listed on photograph mount as "H.M. Moyes St Kilda". First World War Embarkation Roll: Harold Milne Moyes; First World War Nominal Roll (Moy, James Arthur – Moylan, Jeremiah)
  59. Gunner Percival James Hector Jory (19992). Listed on photograph mount as "P.J. Jory St Kilda". First World War Embarkation Roll: Percival James Hector Jory; First World War Nominal Roll (Jorgensen,James Axel – Jose, James Joseph); AFL Statistics: Percy Jory.
  60. Gunner Charles Harold Lilley (19632). Listed on photograph mount as "C. Lilley Melbourne". First World War Embarkation Roll: Charles Harold Lilley; First World War Nominal Roll (Lill,Charles Edward – Lilley, Willmott John Sewell); AFL Statistics: Charlie Lilley
  61. Private Leslie Edward Lee (224), 10th Machine Gun Company, First A.I.F., killed in action on 8 June 1917, in the Battle of Messines, Belgium. Listed on photograph mount as "L.E. Lee Richmond". Main & Allen, (2002), pp.101–105. First World War Embarkation Roll: Leslie Edward Lee; Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: Leslie Edward Lee (224); AFL Statistics: Les Lee
  62. Private Cyril Louis Hoft (785). Listed on photograph mount as "C. Hoft Perth". First World War Embarkation Roll: Cyril Louis Hoft; First World War Nominal Roll (Hoffman, William George – Hogan, Arthur); "Full Points Footy Biography: Cyril Hoft". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011..
  63. Private Edwin John Alley (135). Listed on photograph mount as "R. Alley Williamstown". First World War Embarkation Roll: Edwin John Alley; "Full Points Footy Biography: Edward Alley". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011.; AFL Statistics: Ned Alley.
  64. Lance-Sergeant John Hugh James (223); by the time of his discharge he was Lieutenant James, MC and Bar. Listed on photograph mount as "H. James Richmond". Hogan, (1996), pp.110–111. First World War Embarkation Roll: John Hugh James; World War Nominal Roll (James,Henry William – James, John Thomas); Honours and awards (gazetted): Military Cross and Bar to Military Cross John Hugh James; AFL Statistics: Hughie James; "Full Points Footy Biography: Hugh James". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011..
  65. Private Benjamin Hastie Mills (166). Listed on photograph mount as "B.H. Mills Brunswick". Identified by Main & Allen, 2002, p.115, as Benjamin Mills who had played for Brunswick before his enlistment, and would play for Northcote after the war. First World War Embarkation Roll: Benjamin Hastie Mills; Australian War Memorial First World War Nominal Roll (Mills, Abner Haydn – Mills, Claude Cameron).
  66. Sergeant James Francis Foy (809), 44th Battalion, First A.I.F., was killed in action on 14 March 1917, near Armentières, Northern France. Listed on photograph mount as "J. Foy Perth". Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour: James Francis Foy; First World War Embarkation Roll: James Francis Foy; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-25.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); Australian Red Cross Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau files: James Francis Foy (the initial declaration of "missing in action")
  67. Lieutenant William Henry Orchard; by the time of his discharge he was Captain Orchard, MC. Listed on photograph mount as "Lt. W. Orchard Geelong". First World War Embarkation Roll: William Henry Orchard; First World War Nominal Roll (Orchard, George – Orders, Frederick Arthur); Honours and awards (gazetted) Military Cross: William Henry Orchard; AFL Statistics: Billy Orchard; "Full Points Footy Biography: Billy Orchard". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
  68. J.W., "Football: The Anzacs in London", The Australasian, (Saturday, 4 November 1916), p.26.
  69. Anzacs at Football: Londoners Delighted, The Geraldton Guardian, (Thursday, 2 November 1916), p.1.
  70. Soldiers at Play, The (Adelaide) Chronicle, (Saturday, 4 November1916), p.41.
  71. Anon, "Australian Football. Novel Match At Queen's Club", The Times, Issue 41311, (Monday, 30 October 1916), p.11, column C.
  72. Laidlaw, Private Victor. "Diaries of Private Victor Rupert Laidlaw, 1914-1984 entry 18 January 1915 [manuscript]". State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  73. "Football at the front". The Argus (Melbourne). 10 May 1917. p. 8. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  74. "Football at the front". The Argus (Melbourne). 10 May 1917. p. 8. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  75. "Football at the front". Ballarat Courier. 17 January 1917. p. 7. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  76. "League Football – An Open Competition: Decision for 1945 Season"; The West Australian, 23 March 1945, p. 2
  77. Rover (15 July 1940), "Lightning Football Carnival raises more than £1000 for patriotic and charitable funds", The Advertiser, Adelaide, p. 7
  78. Taylor, Percy (2 August 1940), "Unique competition", The Argus, Melbourne, p. 14
  79. Shaw, p. 57
  80. Shaw, p. 58-59
  81. Shaw, p. 58
  82. Shaw, p. 59

References
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