Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton

Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (28 September 1735 – 14 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as Prime Minister.

His Grace The Duke of Grafton KG PC
Grafton by Pompeo Batoni, 1762
Prime Minister of Great Britain
In office 14 October 1768 – 28 January 1770
Monarch	George III
Preceded by	The Earl of Chatham
Succeeded by	Lord North
Personal details
Born	Augustus Henry FitzRoy 28 September 1735
Died	14 March 1811 (aged 75) Euston Hall, Suffolk, England
Resting place	St Genevieve Churchyard, Euston, Suffolk
Political party	Whig
Spouse(s)	Anne Liddell ​ ​ (m. 1756; div. 1769)​ Elizabeth Wrottesley ​ ​ (m. 1769)​
Children	12; including George, William and John
Father	Lord Augustus FitzRoy
Alma mater	Peterhouse, Cambridge
Signature

He became Prime Minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of William Pitt, and was the youngest person to have held the office until the appointment of William Pitt the Younger 15 years later. However, he struggled to demonstrate an ability to counter increasing challenges to Britain's global dominance following the nation's victory in the Seven Years' War. He was widely attacked for allowing France to annex Corsica, and stepped down in 1770, handing over power to Lord North.

Background and education

He was a son of Lord Augustus FitzRoy, a Captain in the Royal Navy, and Elizabeth Cosby, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, who served as a colonial Governor of New York. His father was the third son of the 2nd Duke of Grafton and Lady Henrietta Somerset, which made FitzRoy a great-grandson of both the 1st Duke of Grafton and the Marquess of Worcester. He was notably a fourth-generation descendant of King Charles II and the 1st Duchess of Cleveland; the surname FitzRoy stems from this illegitimacy. His younger brother was the 1st Baron Southampton. From the death of his uncle in 1747, he was styled Earl of Euston as his grandfather's heir apparent.

Euston was educated at Newcome's School (pictured)

Lord Euston was educated at Newcome's School in Hackney and at Westminster School, made the Grand Tour, and obtained a degree at Peterhouse, University of Cambridge.[1]

Political career

In 1756, he entered Parliament as MP for Boroughbridge, a pocket borough; several months later, he switched constituencies to Bury St Edmunds, which was controlled by his family. However, a year later, his grandfather died and he succeeded as 3rd Duke of Grafton, which elevated him to the House of Lords.

He first became known in politics as an opponent of Lord Bute,[2] a favourite of King George III. Grafton aligned himself with the Duke of Newcastle against Lord Bute, whose term as Prime Minister was short-lived largely because it was felt that the peace terms to which he had agreed at the Treaty of Paris were not a sufficient return for Britain's performance in the Seven Years' War.

In 1765, Grafton was appointed a Privy Counsellor; then, following discussions with William Pitt the Elder, he was appointed Northern Secretary in Lord Rockingham's first government. However, he retired the following year, and Pitt (by then Lord Chatham) formed a ministry in which Grafton was First Lord of the Treasury but not Prime Minister.[3]

Chatham's illness, at the end of 1767, resulted in Grafton becoming the Government's effective leader (he is credited with entering the office of Prime Minister in 1768), but political differences, the impact of the Corsican Crisis and the attacks of "Junius" led to his resignation in January 1770. Also, in 1768, Grafton became Chancellor of Cambridge University.[4] He became Lord Privy Seal in Lord North's ministry (1771) but resigned in 1775, being in favour of conciliatory action towards the American colonists. In the second Rockingham ministry of 1782, he was again Lord Privy Seal and continued in post in the following Shelburne ministry until March 1783.[3]

Religious interests

In later years he was a prominent Unitarian, being one of the early members of the inaugural Essex Street Chapel under Rev. Theophilus Lindsey when founded in 1774. Grafton had associated with a number of liberal Anglican theologians when at Cambridge, devoted much time to theological study and writing after leaving office as Prime Minister. In 1773 in the House of Lords he supported a bill to release Anglican clergy from subscribing to all the Thirty-nine Articles. He became an advocate of moral reformation among the upper classes and of liturgical reform. He was author of:

• Hints Submitted to the Serious Attention of the Clergy, Nobility and Gentry, by a Layman (1789).
• Serious Reflections of a Rational Christian from 1788–1797.

He was a sponsor of Richard Watson's Consideration of the Expediency of Revising the Liturgy and Article of the Church of England (published 1790) and he funded the printing of 700 copies of Griesbach's edition of the Greek New Testament in 1796.[5]

Horseracing

The Duke also had horse racing interests. His racing colours were sky blue, with a black cap.[6]

Legacy

Grafton County, New Hampshire,[7] in the United States, is named in his honour, as are the towns of Grafton, New South Wales, Australia, the town of Grafton, New York, the unincorporated community of Grafton, Virginia, and possibly the township (since 1856 a city) of Grafton, West Virginia. The Grafton Centre Shopping Mall in Cambridge is also named after him, and indeed lies on Fitzroy Street. Cape Grafton in Far North Queensland was named after him by Lieutenant James Cook during his first voyage of discovery.

Grafton had the longest post-premiership of any prime minister in British history, totalling 41 years and 45 days.

Family

Grafton's first wife, Anne Liddell

Grafton's second wife, Elizabeth Wrottesley

On 29 January 1756, he married The Hon. Anne Liddell, daughter of Henry Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth (1708–1784). They had three children:

• Lady Georgiana FitzRoy[8] (8 May 1757 – 18 January 1799), who married John Smyth (12 February 1748 – 12 February 1811) on 4 June 1778.
• George Henry FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton (1760–1844)
• General Lord Charles FitzRoy (14 July 1764 – 20 December 1829), who married, firstly, Frances Mundy (1773 – 9 August 1797) on 20 June 1795, and had one son. He married, secondly, Lady Frances Stewart (24 June 1777 – 9 February 1810) on 10 March 1799 and had three children. His sons Sir Charles FitzRoy (1796–1858), governor of New South Wales, and Robert FitzRoy, the hydrographer, were notable for their achievements.[9]

In 1764, the Duke had a very public affair with the courtesan Nancy Parsons[10] whom he kept at his town house and took to the opera, where they allegedly were found in flagrante delicto. This brazen lack of convention offended society's standards. After the Duchess had become pregnant by her own lover, the Earl of Upper Ossory, she and the Duke were divorced by Act of Parliament, passed 23 March 1769.[11] Three months later, on 24 June 1769, the Duke married Elizabeth Wrottesley (1 November 1745 – 25 May 1822), daughter of the Reverend Sir Richard Wrottesley, Dean of Worcester.[12] They had the following children:

• Lord Henry FitzRoy (9 April 1770 – 7 June 1828), clergyman; he married Caroline Pigot (died 1 January 1835) on 10 September 1800 and had five children. Ancestor of Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick.
• Lord Frederick FitzRoy (born 16 September 1774; died young).
• Lady Augusta FitzRoy (1779 – 29 June 1839), who married Rev. George F. Tavel (died 1829) on 19 November 1811.
• Lady Frances FitzRoy (1 June 1780 – 7 January 1866), who married the 1st Baron Churchill on 25 November 1800.
• Admiral Lord William FitzRoy (1 June 1782 – 13 May 1857), who married Georgiana Raikes (died 2 December 1861) in 1816 and had two children.
• Lord John Edward FitzRoy (24 September 1785 – 28 December 1856), MP, died unmarried.
• Lady Charlotte FitzRoy (died 23 June 1857).
• Lady Elizabeth FitzRoy (died 13 March 1839), who married her cousin Lt. Gen. The Hon. William FitzRoy (1773–1837), son of the 1st Baron Southampton, on 4 July 1811.
• Lady Isabella FitzRoy (died 10 December 1866), who married Barrington Pope Blachford (3 December 1783 – 14 May 1816) on 11 August 1812.

Grafton is thus the first British prime minister, before Anthony Eden,[13] to have been divorced and the second, after Robert Walpole, to marry while in office. Grafton would be the only prime minister to divorce and remarry while in office until after 2020.[14]

Arms

Coat of arms of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton

Crest On a Chapeau Gules doubled Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or crowned with a ducal-coronet Azure and gorged with a Collar countercompony Argent and of the Fourth Escutcheon Royal arms of King Charles II (differenced), viz: grandquarterly, 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure Motto Et decus et pretium recti (By Grace, the prize of rectitude)

Cabinet of the Duke of Grafton

Portfolio	Minister		Took office	Left office	Party
First Lord of the Treasury		The Duke of Grafton*	14 October 1768	28 January 1770	Whig
Lord Chancellor		The Lord Camden	30 July 1766	17 January 1770	Whig
		Charles Yorke	17 January 1770	20 January 1770	Independent
Lord President of the Council		The Earl Gower	22 December 1767	24 November 1779	Tory
Lord Privy Seal		The Earl of Bristol	1768	1770	Independent
Chancellor of the Exchequer Leader of the House of Commons		Lord North	11 September 1767	27 March 1782	Tory
Secretary of State for the Northern Department		The Viscount Weymouth	20 January 1768	21 October 1768	Tory
		The Earl of Rochford	21 October 1768	19 December 1770	Independent
Secretary of State for the Southern Department		The Earl of Shelburne	30 July 1766	20 October 1768	Whig
		The Viscount Weymouth	21 October 1768	12 December 1770	Whig
Secretary of State for the Colonies		The Earl of Hillsborough	27 February 1768	27 August 1772	Independent
First Lord of the Admiralty		Sir Edward Hawke	1766	1771	Independent
Master-General of the Ordnance		The Marquess of Granby	14 May 1763	18 October 1770	Independent
Minister without Portfolio		Henry Seymour Conway	1768	1770	Whig

Notes

1. "Fitzory, Augustus Henry (FTSY751AH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
2. "Fitzroy, Augustus Henry" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
3.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grafton, Dukes of s.v. Augustus Henry Fitzroy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
4. Institute of Historical Research. "The University of Cambridge: Chancellors". British History Online. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
5. Durrant 2004, p. 928.
6. Weatherby, Edward and James (1801). "COLOURS WORN BY THE RIDERS OF THE FOLLOWING NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, &c". Racing Calendar. 28: 52.
7. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 140.
8. "Portrait of Lady Georgina Smyth and her son 1780c". Historical Portraits Image Library. Philip Mould Fine Paintings. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
9. Chisholm 1911.
10. "Anne Fitzpatrick". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/88658. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
11. Durrant 2004.
12. Hellicar 1978, p. 28
13. Eden's divorce was in 1950 and he remarried in 1952, prior to reaching office as Prime Minister.
14. "Boris Johnson and Carrie Symonds engaged and expecting baby". BBC News. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.

Bibliography

• Durrant, Peter (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 19. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861369-5.

Further reading

• Hellicar, Eileen (1 January 1978). "Duke of Grafton (Augustus Henry Fitzroy)". Prime Ministers of Britain. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-7486-3.

External links

• The Third Duke of Grafton
• More about Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton on the 10 Downing Street website.
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Grafton