Augmented triad

augmented triad
Component intervals from root
	augmented fifth
	major third
	root
Tuning
	16:20:25
Forte no. / Complement
	3-12 / 9-12

An augmented triad is a chord, made up of two major thirds (an augmented fifth). The term augmented triad arises from an augmented triad being considered a major chord whose top note (fifth) is raised. When using popular-music symbols, it is indicated by the symbol "+" or "aug". For example, the augmented triad built on C, written as C+, has pitches C–E–G♯:

The chord can be represented by the integer notation {0, 4, 8}.

Analysis

Whereas a major triad, such as C–E–G, contains a major third (C–E) and a minor third (E–G), with the interval of the fifth (C–G) being perfect, the augmented triad has an augmented fifth, becoming C–E–G♯. In other words, the top note is raised a semitone. H.R. Palmer notes:

The augmented chord, (which appears upon three of the minor key,) is commonly found upon one, four, or five of a major key. In its resolution the fundamental may either remain stationary, descend five degrees, or ascend four degrees; the third may either ascend a minor second [I+, IV (Play ) and I+, IV⁶
₄ (Play )], or remain stationary [I+, vi⁶
₃ (Play )]; and the fifth ascends a minor second. The inversions of the augmented chord may also be used [I+^♯6, IV (Play ) and I+⁶
₄, IV⁶ (Play )].[1]

The augmented chord on I may contain the major seventh (I⁷
₅ (Play ) or I⁶
₅ (Play )), while the augmented chord on V may contain the minor seventh (V⁷
₅ (Play ), V⁶
₅ (Play ), or V⁴
₃ (Play )).[1] In C: C–E–G♯–B and G–B–D♯–F.

The augmented triad on the V may be used as a substitute dominant, and may also be considered as ♭III+.[2] The example below shows ♭III+ as a substitute dominant in a ii-V-I turnaround in C major.

In popular music

Examples of popular music songs featuring the augmented chord include its introductory use in Chuck Berry's "School Days", Aaron Neville's "Tell It Like It Is", The Beatles' "Oh! Darling", after intros in Gene Pitney's "Town Without Pity", The Beach Boys' "The Warmth of the Sun", Joe Cocker's "Delta Lady", at the end of the bridge in Patience and Prudence's "Tonight You Belong to Me", The Caravelles' "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry", The Beatles' "From Me to You", The Dave Clark Five's "Glad All Over", and Martha and the Vandellas' "Dancing in the Street".[3] One of the few examples of an augmented chord on the opening downbeat is in the Carmen Lombardo song "Seems Like Old Times": in Barber Shop Memories, Book 2[4] the 4-part vocal score for the song (in the key of F) uses B♭–D–F♯ to harmonize the downbeat as IV+ (the enharmonic equivalent of VI+). An augmented chord also harmonizes the opening downbeat of the chorus of the 1908 song "Shine On, Harvest Moon", heard at the beginning of the 1931 recording by Ruth Etting.[5]

Augmented chords from chromatic passing motion, ascending ("(Just Like) Starting Over") and descending ("All My Loving").[6]

Other examples of the augmented chord include its use as a chromatic passing function over the first degree, the rising to ♯ then harmonized as IV, as in Jay and the Americans' "Some Enchanted Evening", Lesley Gore's "It's My Party" (I – I+ – IV – iv) (see also minor major seventh chord), Herman's Hermits' "There's a Kind of Hush" (continues to ♭7 harmonized by Im⁷), by ii Roy Orbison's "Crying", followed by 6 – ♭6 – 5 motion in "Crying", The Guess Who's "Laughing", Dave Clark Five's "Because" (verse: I – I+ – vi – Im⁷... ii and cadence on V+), The Monkees' "Tapioca Tundra" (I – I+ – vi, and V+ after bridge).[3]

Though rare, the augmented chord occurs in rock music, "almost always as a linear embellishment linking an opening tonic chord with the next chord," for example John Lennon's "(Just Like) Starting Over" and The Beatles' "All My Loving".[6] Thus, with an opening tonic chord, an augmented chord results from ascending or descending movement between the fifth and sixth degrees, such as in the chord progression I – I+ – vi.[6] This progression forms the verse for Oasis's 2005 single "Let There Be Love" (I – I+ – vi – IV)

In classical music

The augmented triad differs from the other kinds of triad (the major triad, the minor triad, and the diminished triad) in that it does not naturally arise in a diatonic scale. Although it could be conceptualized as a triad built on the third degree of a harmonic minor scale or melodic minor scale, it virtually never occurs in this way (since any chord on the third degree is itself rare, usually being a new tonic).

This rarity makes the augmented triad a special chord that touches on the atonal. Its uses to 'suspend' tonality are famous; for example, in Franz Liszt's Faust Symphony, in Richard Wagner's Siegfried Idyll, and in Arnold Schoenberg's "Walzer" (Fünf Klavierstücke Op. 23 No. 5). However, the augmented triad occurs in tonal music, with a perfectly tonal meaning, since at least J.S. Bach (see the first chord in the opening chorus to his cantata Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2) and Joseph Haydn (see, for example, the Trio from Haydn's String Quartet Op. 54 No. 2).[7] It results diatonically in minor mode from a dominant chord where the fifth (the second degree) is replaced by the third degree, as an anticipation of the resolution chord. Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 features such a chord at key moments in the slow movement. Johannes Brahms's Tragic Overture also features the chord prominently (A–C♯–E♯), in alternation with the regular dominant (A–C♯–E). In this example one can also see other aspect of the appeal of the chord to composers: it is a 'conflation' of the fifth degree and the third degree, the usual contrasting keys of a piece in the minor mode.

With the lead of Franz Schubert (in his Wanderer Fantasy), Romantic composers started organizing many pieces by descending major thirds, which can be seen as a large-scale application of the augmented triad (although it probably arose from other lines of development not necessarily connected to the augmented triad). This kind of organization is common; in addition to Schubert, it is found in music of Franz Liszt, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Louis Vierne and Richard Wagner, among others.

Tuning

Comparison, in cents, of augmented triad tunings

In just intonation, the interval between two major thirds and an octave, 2:(5:4)², is 32:25, which is flatter by a septimal kleisma of size 225:224 than the septimal major third with ratio 9:7. While septimal meantone temperament tempers out the septimal kleisma, some other temperaments, for example miracle temperament, do so also, and in all of these temperaments the augmented triad may be identified with a circle of two major and one septimal major thirds, making up an octave.

Augmented chord table

Chord	Root	Major third	Augmented fifth
C♭aug	C♭	E♭	G
Caug	C	E	G♯
C♯aug	C♯	E♯ (F)	G (A)
D♭aug	D♭	F	A
Daug	D	F♯	A♯
D♯aug	D♯	F (G)	A (B)
E♭aug	E♭	G	B
Eaug	E	G♯	B♯ (C)
E♯aug	E♯	G (A)	B (C♯)
F♭aug	F♭	A♭	C
Faug	F	A	C♯
F♯aug	F♯	A♯	C (D)
G♭aug	G♭	B♭	D
Gaug	G	B	D♯
G♯aug	G♯	B♯ (C)	D (E)
A♭aug	A♭	C	E
Aaug	A	C♯	E♯ (F)
A♯aug	A♯	C (D)	E (F♯)
B♭aug	B♭	D	F♯
Baug	B	D♯	F (G)

Notes

Palmer, H. R. (1876). Palmer's Theory of Music. J. Church. pp. 91–92. augmented chord.[ISBN unspecified]
Cho, Gene (1992). Theories and Practice of Harmonic Analysis. p. 35. ISBN 0-7734-9917-2.
Everett, Walter (2009). "The Foundations of Rock": 196–197. ISBN 978-0-19-531023-8. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Barber Shop Memories, Book 2. p. 20. ISBN 0-7692-4389-4.
"Shine On, Harvest Moon" (1931 recording), Etting, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoNi8mJ2Yk
Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-300-09239-4.
For further discussion, see Ellis, Mark (2010). "A Chord in Time: The Evolution of the Augmented Sixth from Monteverdi to Mahler". Farnham: Ashgate: 23, 30–31. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)