Arcanobacterium

Arcanobacterium (/ɑːrˈkeɪnoʊbækˌtɪəriəm/) is a genus of bacteria. They are gram-positive,[1] non–acid fast,[1] nonmotile,[1] facultatively anaerobic,[1] and non–endospore forming.[1] They are widely distributed in nature in the microbiota of animals (including the human microbiota) and are mostly innocuous. Some can cause disease in humans and other animals (for example, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections).[1] As with various species of a microbiota (including their cousins in the genera Corynebacterium and Trueperella), they usually are not pathogenic but can occasionally opportunistically capitalize on atypical access to tissues (via wounds) or weakened host defenses.

Arcanobacterium
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum colonies on a blood agar plate: Beta-hemolysis is demonstrated with transmitted light.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Order:	Actinomycetales
Suborder:	Corynebacterineae
Family:	Actinomycetaceae
Genus:	Arcanobacterium Collins et al 1982[1]
Species
A. abortisuis (now Trueperella abortisuis[2]) A. bernardiae (formerly Actinomyces bernardiae;[3] now Trueperella bernardiae[2]) A. bialowiezense (now Trueperella bialowiezense[2]) A. bonasi (now Trueperella bonasi[2]) A. canis[4] A. haemolyticum[1] A. hippocoleae[5] A. phocae[3] A. phocisimile[6] A. pinnipediorum[7] A. pluranimalium[8] A. pyogenes (formerly Actinomyces pyogenes;[3] now Trueperella pyogenes[2])

Taxonomy

As explained by Yassin et al.,[2] the genus Arcanobacterium was first described by Collins et al. in 1982[1][9] to accommodate bacterial strains previously assigned to the genus Corynebacterium variously (and controversially[1]) as C. pyogenes hominis and then C. haemolyticum, thenceforth to be known as Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. The name (from arcanus + bacterium[1]) means "secretive bacterium"[1] or "enigmatic/mysterious bacterium". In 2011, Yassin et al.,[2] on the basis of 16S rRNA signature nucleotide comparisons, menaquinone and phospholipid compositions, and Christie–Atkins–Munch-Petersen (CAMP) tests, proposed that four species—A. haemolyticum, A. hippocoleae, A. phocae, and A. pluranimalium—should continue to be affiliated with the genus Arcanobacterium, whereas the species A. abortisuis, A. bernardiae, A. bialowiezense, A. bonasi, and A. pyogenes should be reclassified as members of a new genus, Trueperella, as Trueperella abortisuis comb. nov., Trueperella bernardiae comb. nov., Trueperella bialowiezensis comb. nov., Trueperella bonasi comb. nov., and Trueperella pyogenes comb. nov. Therefore, they provided an emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium.[2]

In 2001, Lawson et al.[8] reported that A. pluranimalium sp. nov. had been isolated from a harbour porpoise and a deer. In 2002, Hoyles et al. reported that A. hippocoleae sp. nov. had been isolated from a vaginal discharge of a horse.[5]

In 2012, Hijazin et al. reported that A. canis sp. nov. had been isolated from otitis externa in a dog.[4] In 2013 the same group (with Hijazin, Sammra, and others) reported that A. phocisimile sp. nov. had been isolated from harbor seals. In 2015, the same group (with Sammra and others) reported that A. pinnipediorum sp. nov. had also been isolated from a harbor seal.[7]

Species

A. abortisuis (now Trueperella abortisuis[2])
A. bernardiae (formerly Actinomyces bernardiae;[3] now Trueperella bernardiae[2])
A. bialowiezense (now Trueperella bialowiezense[2])
A. bonasi (now Trueperella bonasi[2])
A. canis[4]
A. haemolyticum[1]
A. hippocoleae[5]
A. phocae[3]
A. phocisimile[6]
A. pinnipediorum[7]
A. pluranimalium[8]
A. pyogenes (formerly Actinomyces pyogenes;[3] now Trueperella pyogenes[2])

References

1. Collins, MD; Jones, D; Schofield, GM (1982), "Reclassification of 'Corynebacterium haemolyticum' (MacLean, Liebow & Rosenberg) in the genus Arcanobacterium gen.nov. as Arcanobacterium haemolyticum nom.rev., comb.nov.", J Gen Microbiol, 128 (6): 1279–1281, doi:10.1099/00221287-128-6-1279, PMID 7119737.
2. Yassin, AF; et al. (2011), "Comparative chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1982 emend. Lehnen et al. 2006: proposal for Trueperella gen. nov. and emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 61 (6): 1265–1274, doi:10.1099/ijs.0.020032-0, PMID 20622055.
3. Pascual Ramos, C; Foster, G; Collins, MD (1997), "Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Actinomyces based on 16S rRNA gene sequences: description of Arcanobacterium phocae sp. nov., Arcanobacterium bernardiae comb. nov., and Arcanobacterium pyogenes comb. nov.", International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47 (1): 46–53, doi:10.1099/00207713-47-1-46, ISSN 0020-7713, PMID 8995800.
4. Hijazin, M; et al. (2012), "Arcanobacterium canis sp. nov., isolated from otitis externa of a dog, and emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1983 emend. Yassin et al. 2011", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 62 (Pt 9): 2201–2205, doi:10.1099/ijs.0.037150-0, PMID 22081713.
5. Hoyles, L; et al. (2002), "Arcanobacterium hippocoleae sp. nov., from the vagina of a horse", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52 (Pt 2): 617–619, doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-617, PMID 11931175.
6. Hijazin, M; et al. (2013), "Arcanobacterium phocisimile sp. nov., isolated from harbour seals", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 63 (Pt 6): 2019–2024, doi:10.1099/ijs.0.045591-0, PMID 23041640.
7. Sammra, O; et al. (2015), "Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum sp. nov., isolated from a harbour seal", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 65 (12): 4539–4543, doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000609, PMID 26373578.
8. Lawson, PA; et al. (2001), "Arcanobacterium pluranimalium sp. nov., isolated from porpoise and deer", Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 51 (Pt 1): 55–59, doi:10.1099/00207713-51-1-55, PMID 11211273.
9. Collins, MD; et al. (1982), "Chemical studies as a guide to the classification of Corynebacterium pyogenes and "Corynebacterium haemolyticum"", J Gen Microbiol, 128 (2): 335–341, doi:10.1099/00221287-128-2-335, PMID 7077293.