Arbroath

Arbroath (/ɑːrˈbroʊθ/) or Aberbrothock (Scottish Gaelic: Obar Bhrothaig[2] [ˈopəɾ ˈvɾo.ɪkʲ]) is a former royal burgh and the largest town in the council area of Angus, Scotland, with a population of 23,902.[3] It lies on the North Sea coast some 16 miles (25.7 km) east-north-east of Dundee and 45 miles (72.4 km) south-south-west of Aberdeen. While there is evidence of settlement that dates back to the Iron Age, Arbroath's history as a town begins with the founding of Arbroath Abbey in 1178. Arbroath grew much during the Industrial Revolution with the expansion first of the flax and then of the jute industries and the engineering sector. A new harbour was built in 1839 and by the 20th century, Arbroath had become one of Scotland's larger fishing ports. It is notable as the home of the Declaration of Arbroath and the Arbroath smokie.[4] The town's football team, Arbroath Football Club, holds the world record for the number of goals scored in a professional football match. It won 36–0 against Aberdeen Bon Accord in the Scottish Cup in 1885.

Arbroath

Arbroath from the south
Arbroath
Location within Angus
Population23,940 (mid-2016 est.)[1]
OS grid referenceNO641412
• Edinburgh45 mi (72 km) SSW
• London371 mi (597 km) SSE
Council area
Lieutenancy area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townARBROATH
Postcode districtDD11
Dialling code01241
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament

History

Toponymy

The earliest recorded name for the town was 'Aberbrothock', a reference to the Brothock Burn which runs through the town, the prefix 'Aber' coming either from the Gaelic 'Obair',[5] or the earlier Brythonic term Aber for confluence or river mouth.[6][7] The name 'Aberbrothock' can be found in numerous spelling variations. In the earliest manuscripts available, it is seen as 'Abirbrothoke' (in the letter to Edward I confirming the Treaty of Salisbury, which agreed that the Queen regnant, Margaret, Maid of Norway would marry Edward I[8]) and 'Aberbrothok' (in the subsequent letter giving consent for the marriage[9]). In the Declaration of Arbroath, it is seen as 'Abirbrothoc'.[10] Early maps show a number of variants including Aberbrothock,[11][12] Aberbrothik,[13] Aberbrothick,[14][15] and Aberbrothwick.[16]

The modern name 'Arbroath' became more common in the mid-19th century,[15] the older name being largely dispensed with by the time of the first edition of the Ordnance Survey Maps.[17] However, variants of 'Arbroath' had been used since the 17th century, including 'Arbroth'[18] and Aberbreth.[19]

Early history
Drosten Stone

The area around Arbroath has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic period. Material from postholes at an enclosure at Douglasmuir, near Friockheim, about five miles north of Arbroath, have been radiocarbon dated to about 3500 BCE. The function of the enclosure is unknown – perhaps for agriculture or for ceremonial purposes.[20]

Bronze Age archaeology is abundant in the area. Examples include short-cist burials found near West Newbigging, about a mile to the North of the town, which included pottery urns, a pair of silver discs and a gold armlet.[21] Iron Age archaeology is also well represented, for example in the souterrain nearby Warddykes Cemetery[22] and at West Grange of Conan,[23] as well as the better-known examples at Carlungie and Ardestie.

The area appears to have had importance in the early Christian period, as shown by the Pictish stone carvings found during the restoration of St Vigeans Church and now housed in the small museum there. The stones had been used in building the old church and many were badly damaged. One of them, the 9th century Drosten Stone, is among the few Pictish artefacts with an inscription in Latin: 'DROSTEN: IREUORET [E]TTFOR CUS', which has been construed in various ways but is thought to refer to the Pictish King Uurad, who reigned in 839–842 CE.[24]

Medieval history
Ruined Arbroath Abbey, built from local red sandstone

The first modern development in Arbroath was the Abbey, founded by King William the Lion in 1178 for monks of the Tironensian order from Kelso Abbey. It received consecration in 1197 with a dedication to Saint Thomas Becket. It was the King's only personal foundation and was buried within its precincts in 1214.[25] The Abbey was not finally completed until 1233.[26]

King John, also in the 13th century, exempted Arbroath from "toll and custom" in every part of England except London.[25]

The Battle of Arbroath in 1446 came after a series of disagreements between the Chief Justiciary of Arbroath, Alexander Lindsay, third Earl of Crawford and Bishop James Kennedy of St Andrews resulted in Lindsay sacking the bishop's lands and burning his properties. Lindsay was excommunicated and it was felt that this was incompatible with his role as Chief Justiciary. The monks of Arbroath Abbey selected Alexander Ogilvy of Inverquharity as his replacement and the insult led to pitched battle in the town, leaving 500 dead, including Lindsay and Ogilvy. Large parts of it were destroyed in the aftermath by the Lindsay family.[27]

The abbey soon fell into disuse and eventual disrepair after its dissolution at the Reformation, the lead from the roof rumoured to have been used in the 16th-century civil wars and the stonework plundered for housebuilding throughout the town. The ruins were a popular site for travellers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Finally in 1815, the remains were taken into State care for preservation. They are now administered by Historic Scotland.[4]

On 6 April 1320 the Scottish Parliament met at Arbroath Abbey and addressed to the Pope the Declaration of Arbroath, drafted by the Abbot of the time, Bernard. This detailed the services which their "lord and sovereign" Robert the Bruce had rendered to Scotland, and affirmed Scots independence in eloquent terms.[10]

Arbroath was created a royal burgh in 1599 by James VI.[28]

In the 17th century, communion was not held for several years at the church of St Vigeans, near Arbroath, as because the villagers believed there was a curse on it: if communion were held there, it would fall into a large subterranean lake.[29]

Modern history

During the Jacobite rising known as the Forty-Five, Arbroath was a Jacobite town. A large portion of its able bodied men joined the Jacobite army.[30] It was one of the principal ports where men and supplies could be landed from France. It and other Jacobite ports along the north-east coast collectively formed ‘an asset of almost incalculable value’ to the Jacobite cause.[31]

During the Industrial Revolution, Arbroath's economy and population expanded, with new housing appearing to house the influx of workers. Arbroath became moderately well known for jute and sailcloth production, with 34 mills employing 1,400 looms, producing over a million yards of osnaburg cloth and 450,000 yards of sailcloth in 1875. Arbroath is believed to have supplied the sails for the Cutty Sark.[32] In 1867, the mills in Arbroath employed 4,620 people.[33] Arbroath was also prominent in the manufacture of shoes and lawnmowers; the local firm Alexander Shanks was founded in 1840 and based at Dens Iron Works,[34] supplied mowers to the Old Course at St Andrews and the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.[4][35][36][37] Shanks was taken over in the 1960s by another local firm, Giddings & Lewis-Fraser Ltd.[37] This had evolved from the business of Douglas Fraser, established in 1832 and mainly concerned with manufacturing flax and canvas. In later 19th century the firm, by then as Douglas Fraser & Sons, moved to focus its activities onto machine manufacture, after the success of a braiding machine designed by Norman Fraser. The firm had interests in South America and India. In 1959 its firms were taken over by the American company Giddings & Lewis and renamed Giddings & Lewis-Fraser. Its headquarters were Wellgate Works in Arbroath.[38]

Arbroath is now best known for its link with the fishing industry. After the harbours of the 14th–18th centuries had given way in 1839 to a larger one, the council sought fishermen willing to migrate to Arbroath to take advantage of the facilities. It took on men in nearby Auchmithie and further afield, including Shetland. The industry grew. In peak years up to 1980 some 40 whitefish and pelagic vessels worked from Arbroath, employing hundreds on board and hundreds more ashore to service vessels and process the fish. Quota cuts and decommissioning took their toll in Scotland from the 1980s to present. Arbroath remains a whitefish port open for landing shellfish.[39] There is now only one vessel working regularly from Arbroath; a further three Arbroath-owned vessels work from Aberdeen and ports further north. Fish processing remains a big employer, but the fish come from Aberdeen, Peterhead and even Iceland, Norway and Ireland.[4][40][41]

The 19th century saw development in health care in Arbroath. In 1836 a dispensary was set up by subscription to give medical care to the poor. In 1842 a typhus epidemic led to a small isolation ward. The next year, subscriptions began to turn this into Arbroath Infirmary, which opened in 1845 and found new premises in 1916.[42]

Governance
Royal Burgh of Arbroath's Coat of Arms

Arbroath was made a royal burgh in 1178 by King William the Lion at the time the Abbey was founded. The burgh of regality permitted monks to hold a weekly market, dispense basic justice and establish a harbour. In 1559, the town's burgh of regality was confirmed by King James VI of Scotland. A provost and town council were appointed and "Aberbrothock" became a full royal burgh.[4]

In 1922, Lord Inchcape became burgess. To mark the this he was presented with his ticket to the office in a silver casket engraved with the burgh coat-of-arms and views of the locality.[43]

Arbroath was controlled by Arbroath Town Council from the time of King James VI through to 1975, when Arbroath (and the county of Angus) were amalgamated with Perthshire and Dundee City into Tayside, controlled by Tayside Regional Council. Angus, along with Dundee City and Perth & Kinross were re-established under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.[44]

Local government

Arbroath is represented on Angus Council by two wards: Arbroath West & Letham; and Arbroath East & Lunan. Four councillors are elected from each ward. At the 2012 local elections, these were Alex King (Scottish National Party), David Lumgair (Scottish Conservative and Unionist), David Fairweather (Independent) and Ewan Smith (Scottish National Party).[45] Those from the Arbroath East & Lunan ward were Donald Morrison (Scottish National Party), Bob Spink (Independent), Sheena Welsh (Scottish National Party) and Martyn Geddes (Scottish Conservative and Unionist).[46]

Parliamentary representation

For the House of Commons, Arbroath forms part of Angus constituency and since 2001 has been represented by Michael Weir (SNP), who held the seat again with an increased majority of 3800 votes at the 2010 General Election.[47] Arbroath is part of the Angus South constituency of the Scottish Parliament (having been part of the Angus constituency until its abolition in 2011), which has different boundaries from the Westminster one. It returns a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) to Holyrood directly and is part of the North East Scotland electoral region with regard to additional Members of the Scottish Parliament. The current MSP is Graeme Dey of the Scottish National Party.[48]

Geography

At 56°33′31″N 02°34′58″W, Arbroath lies on the North Sea coast in eastern Scotland 17 miles (27 km) north-east of Dundee, within the Angus region. Geologically, it sits predominantly on Old Red Sandstone. Lower-lying parts were below sea level until after the last Ice Age.[49]

Arbroath lies 98 miles (158 km) north-east of Glasgow, 50 miles (80 km) south-west of Aberdeen and 77 miles (124 km) from Edinburgh. Neighbouring villages of St Vigeans, Carmyllie, Friockheim, Colliston and Inverkeilor are taken as part of Arbroath for purposes of council representation, and together with Carnoustie share its 01241 telephone area code.

Panorama of Arbroath Cliffs in winter

Climate

Arbroath has a typical British marine climate heavily influenced by its seaside position. There are narrow differences in temperature between seasons. January has an average high of 6.4 °C (43.5 °F) and July has 18 °C (64 °F). The climate is somewhat dry and sunny by Scottish standards, with 628.6 millimetres (24.75 in) of precipitation and 1538.4 hours of sunshine. All data is sourced from the 1981–2010 averages of the Met Office weather station in Arbroath.[50]

Climate data for Arbroath 15m asl, 1981–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)		 15.3
(59.5)		 21.0
(69.8)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.3
(75.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 28.4
(83.1)		 28.8
(83.8)		 24.8
(76.6)		 21.4
(70.5)		 15.7
(60.3)		 14.4
(57.9)		 28.8
(83.8)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)		 6.7
(44.1)		 8.5
(47.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 13.1
(55.6)		 16.0
(60.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 17.8
(64.0)		 15.5
(59.9)		 12.3
(54.1)		 9.0
(48.2)		 6.7
(44.1)		 11.7
(53.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)		 2.0
(35.6)		 2.9
(37.2)		 4.5
(40.1)		 6.6
(43.9)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.4
(52.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.6
(49.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 4.1
(39.4)		 1.9
(35.4)		 6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.2
(11.8)		 −11.7
(10.9)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 1.2
(34.2)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.8
(37.0)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 −8.5
(16.7)		 −10.1
(13.8)		 −11.7
(10.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.1
(2.17)		 38.7
(1.52)		 42.4
(1.67)		 44.1
(1.74)		 55.9
(2.20)		 48.3
(1.90)		 51.7
(2.04)		 58.9
(2.32)		 57.8
(2.28)		 72.4
(2.85)		 55.8
(2.20)		 47.6
(1.87)		 628.6
(24.75)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59.7 83.3 126.0 161.2 197.1 184.6 183.5 176.8 136.0 103.9 74.7 51.8 1,538.4
Source: Met Office[51]

Demography

Residents of Arbroath are called Arbroathians[52] but often refer to themselves as Red Lichties[53] after the red lamp that shone from the harbour light and foghorn tower at the entrance to the harbour as an aid to shipping entering the harbour.

At the 2001 census, the population of Arbroath was 22,785. About 88.9 per cent were born in Scotland 97.7 per cent in the United Kingdom as a whole. Most Arbroath residents are between 16 and 65, with 19.8 per cent under 16, 59.5 per cent between 16 and 65, and with those over 65 making up 20.7 per cent. There are 47.1 per cent males to 52.9 per cent females.[3]

Arbroath has a moderate unemployment – some 2.7 per cent claim job-related social welfare benefits.[54]

Economy

Arbroath has no sizeable employers outside of the public sector; most workers commute to Dundee.[55] Arbroath itself has an economically active population of 9,192, with the public sector (21.8%) the largest employer of town residents, followed by manufacturing (16%) and retail (15.4%). The fishing industry accounts for 0.4 per cent (fewer than 50 people), although the processing sector is counted separately under manufacturing and the figure of 50 relates directly to the catching and support sectors.[56][57]

History

Arbroath's prospects originally revolved around the harbour. The original harbour was constructed and maintained by the abbot within the terms of an agreement between the burgesses and John Gedy, the abbot in 1394 AD.[4] This gave way to a more commodious port in 1725,[4] which in turn was enlarged and improved in 1839, when the sea wall, quay walls and breakwater were added to the old inner harbour, at a cost of £58,000.[58] Arbroath became a major coastal shipping port and in 1846 there were 89 Arbroath-registered vessels, totalling 9,100 gross tons. In the same year, 599 vessels docked at Arbroath, 56 from foreign ports (mainly Baltic ports) and the remaining 543 employed on the coastal trade. Bark, flax, hemp, hides, oak and fir timber, and guano for manure, groceries from London, and numerous articles of Baltic produce were imported via Arbroath, with manufactured goods (mainly sailcloth) exported.[36]

Arbroath Harbour

Driven by the needs of the fishing and sailing industry, Arbroath-based sailmaker Francis Webster Ltd perfected in 1795 the art of adding linseed oil to flax sails, creating an oiled flax.[59] This developed in the late 19th century into waxed cotton, which drove Arbroath as a manufacturing centre until the early 1970s, when it began to decline. A major employer, Keith & Blackman, closed in 1985 and Giddings and Lewis-Fraser wound down about the same time, with the whole plant later demolished to make way for a supermarket.[60][61] Alps Electric Co. was a large employer in Arbroath from 1990 to 2001, employing 180. All were made redundant when the plant closed.

Armed forces

Arbroath is home to 45 Commando of the Royal Marines, which has been based at RM Condor since 1971. The barracks were built in 1940 and commissioned as RNAS Arbroath/HMS Condor, a Royal Naval Air Station (RNAS) until 1971. The Royal Marines moved to Arbroath in 1971 and remain a contributor to the local economy; in addition to the Marines stationed at Arbroath, some 600 residents are employed by the Ministry of Defence.[57] In 2004, there was speculation that RM Condor would be transferred to the Army as a replacement for Fort George and the barracks become a permanent base for a battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. This went on further than the planning stage. In 2005 it was confirmed the Marines would remain.[62]

Housing

House prices in Arbroath in April–June 2006 were just £99 below national average: £113,646 compared to a national £113,745.[63] The average house price across Angus rose by 14.9 per cent to £124,451 in the year up to November 2006.[64] Angus Council suggests the upgrading of the A92 between Arbroath and Dundee to a dual carriageway has lured Dundonians to Arbroath, which may be boosting house prices.[65]

Tourism

Tourism plays some part in the Arbroath economy, with Arbroath Abbey attracting over 14,000 visitors a year.[66] Attractions in the summer months include the Seafront Spectacular, which includes an airshow, and the Seafest, themed around Arbroath's maritime heritage. There is also a re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Arbroath (the declaration of Scottish independence) and in past years a mock Viking invasion, culminating in the burning of a longship.[67]

Kerr’s Railway, seen here in August 2019, just over a year before its closure in October 2020.

Arbroath was home to Kerr's Miniature Railway, the oldest miniature railway in Scotland, which had been operating since 1935 and at its height, in 1955, saw 60,000 visitors. The railway was operated as a hobby by a group of volunteers and remained popular with locals, tourists and railway enthusiasts until its closure in October 2020.[68][69]

The town features a multimillion-pound Harbour Visitor Centre close to the Town Quay. This multimedia experience for visitors is maintained by the Scottish tourist company VisitScotland. It explains the town's fishing history and hosts a restaurant and gift shop.[70]

Transport
Arbroath railway station

The A92 road connects Arbroath to Dundee and Fife to the south-west, and Stonehaven in the north-east. The A92 joins the A90 north of Stonehaven and leads to Aberdeen further north. The A92 is dual carriageway from the southern outskirts of Arbroath to the northern outskirts of Dundee. It then proceeds through Dundee before crossing the Tay estuary into Fife via the Tay Road Bridge. The A90 can also be reached at Dundee heading both north (to Aberdeen) and south (to Perth and Edinburgh).

Arbroath has a modest public bus system, with Arbroath Bus Station as its main terminus. Stagecoach Strathtay and Travel Wishart (part of National Express) operate most local services and Stagecoach Strathtay most rural services. Arbroath has a railway station, a short walk from the bus station, with regional services to the east coast of Scotland, Edinburgh, Perth and Glasgow. Intercity trains reach English destinations such as Newcastle, Birmingham, York and London. Passenger services at Arbroath are provided by Abellio ScotRail, CrossCountry, Caledonian Sleeper and London North Eastern Railway. Dundee has a regional airport with flights to London City Airport five times a week.[71] The airport has a 1,530-yard runway capable of serving small aircraft and lies 1.8 miles west of the city centre, adjacent to the River Tay. The nearest international airports are in Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Arbroath has a sizeable airfield at the Royal Marines military base on the western outskirts of the town, but this remains a dedicated military airfield.

Education

Arbroath has a further education college, Angus College, based in the former Arbroath High School buildings. There are two secondary schools and 11 primary schools. One primary school is Roman Catholic, the remainder non-denominational. There were 2,260 pupils in primary-school education in Arbroath and 1,720 pupils in secondary education in 2007.[72]

Secondary schools

The two secondaries are Arbroath High School and Arbroath Academy. The high school (the older of the two), was originally a grammar school and the academy a comprehensive. The Academy is near the Mayfield area and the High School near Keptie Pond. Both are well regarded, with exam results and reading and writing performance indicators above the national average.[73] Arbroath High is the larger with some 1,200 pupils. The Academy has around 600 pupils.

Noted alumni of Arbroath High School include Michael Forsyth, former Scottish Secretary[74] and Andrew Webster, a professional footballer who plays for St Mirren.

Further education

Angus College, a further education college, has around 8,500 students, with 80 per cent passing the course for which they enrol. There are about 1,700 full-time students, with part-time students making up the majority. Arbroath is not a student town and there are no student residences. The student population is solely local students living within commuting distance of the college. Angus College offers courses up to Higher National Diploma (HND) level in a variety of trade-related and academic disciplines from construction to social sciences, and a large number of programs relating to computing, information technology and office administration. Many of the student body are mature students taking evening classes in computing, digital photography and various software packages.[75]

School leavers going on to study at university have the choice of several local institutions – the University of Dundee, the University of Abertay Dundee, the University of St Andrews and the University of Aberdeen all within around one hour's travel from Arbroath.

Places of worship
The Old and Abbey Parish Church

The neighbouring villages of St Vigeans, Carmyllie, Friockheim, Colliston and Inverkeilor are considered part of Arbroath for the purposes of council representation.

The Church of Scotland has a number of congregations that meet in Arbroath. The Old and Abbey Church is located in the centre of town at West Abbey Street and will shortly welcome Rev. Dolly Purnell as its minister.[76] St Andrews Church, Arbroath is located in Hamilton Green, and the minister is Rev. Dr. Martin Fair with associate minister Rev. Stuart Irvin.[77] Knox's Church[78] is located in Howard Street and the minister is Rev Dr Nelu Balaj. The West Kirk is located in Keptie Street and the minister is Rev. Alasdair Graham.[79] Dr Fair has been nominated serve as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 2020–2021 – the first time that a minister of a congregation in Arbroath will have served as Moderator.

There are also a number of Church of Scotland kirks in the surrounding villages. St Vigeans Church,[80] St Vigeans is linked with Knox's Church in Arbroath and services are led by Rev Dr Nelu Balaj. Arbirlot Church is linked with Carmyllie Church. Colliston Church is linked with Friockheim and Kinnell Church and Inverkeilor and Lunan Church. The minister of these three churches is Rev. Peter Phillips.

There is an Episcopalian congregation based at St Mary the Virgin Church in Springfield Terrace. The minister is Rev. Peter Mead.[81] St Mary's Church evolved from a meeting house set up in 1694 by Episcopalians forced out of Arbroath Parish Church. The present church building dates from 1854.[82] The Scottish Episcopal Church in Arbroath is part of the Diocese of Brechin. There is also a Scottish Episcopal Church in Auchmithie: St Peter's.

The Roman Catholic Church meets at St Thomas of Canterbury Church in Dishlandtown Street.[83][84] The priest is Rev Kevin J. Golden. The church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld.[85] The parish includes a primary school and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1998.[86]

The Methodist Church has one of its earliest established churches in Arbroath, St John's in Ponderlaw, which opened in 1772. Services are led by David Nicoll.[87]

Other groups that worship in Arbroath include the Arbroath Corps of the Salvation Army, which meets in Marketgate, the Elim Pentecostal Church, led by Alan Herd, which meets in Ogilvy Place;[88] the Baptists who meet at the New Life Church in James Street, the Jehovah's Witnesses, who meet at the Kingdom Hall in Lindsay Street, the Springfield Christian Assembly, which meets in the Gospel Hall in Ponderlaw Lane;[89] and the Arbroath Town Mission, an interdenominational group led by Dr Robert Clapham, which meets in Grant Road.[90]

Followers of other faiths and denominations travel further afield to worship.

Culture

Arbroath's Webster Theatre has featured among others Harry Lauder, Jimmy Tarbuck,[91] Charlie Landsborough, the Illegal Eagles, the Drifters and the Chuckle Brothers and was the first venue the Alexander Brothers, a Scottish easy listening act, performed in as a professional duo.[92] The Webster Theatre went through a multi-million-pound refurbishment and opened in February 2008.

There are several amateur theatre and musical societies based in and around Arbroath, the best known being the Angus Minstrels group, the last group in Britain to regularly perform blackface. In 2005, after pressure from Angus Council, which feared legal action, the show began with normal stage makeup and the group changed name from "The Angus Black and White Minstrels" to "The Angus Minstrels". The move to stop performing in blackface received wide UK press coverage.[93][94]

Beginning in 1947, a pageant commemorating the signing of the Declaration has been held within the roofless remains of the abbey (last full-scale event 2005). This was run by the local Arbroath Abbey Pageant Society, now Arbroath Abbey Timethemes, a registered charity, and re-enacts the story and history of the signing. The group also spearhead Scotland's Tartan Day celebrations on 6 April in association with Angus Council as well as educational visits to local schools.[95]

Arbroath Male Voice Choir was founded in 1934 and is now one of only a few male voice choirs left in Scotland. At 2012 the choir has over 45 members drawn from Arbroath, Angus and Dundee. The musical director is Sheena Guthrie. The choir sings a mix of songs from classical, through Scottish, show tunes and pop. It performs two main concerts each year, one at Christmas, another in spring, and offers several smaller events for good causes. The choir is notable for attracting well known, often international singers to its annual spring concert as guests. In recent years they have included, Jamie McDougall, Karen Cargill, Gordon Cree, Cheryl Forbes and Colette Ruddy. March 2012 saw the international diva Lesley Garrett as the choir's special guest.

The author Sir Walter Scott's famous Waverley series of novels includes Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. Scott is known to have visited Arbroath three times, and his personal favourite in the series, The Antiquary (1816), features fictionalised versions of Arbroath ("Fairport") and Auchmithie ("Musselcrag").[96]

Arbroath has one museum, the former Bell Rock Lighthouse Signal Tower. In 1807 Arbroath became the base of operations for the building of the Bell Rock Lighthouse. The shore station for the lighthouse – the Bell Rock Signal Tower – was completed in 1813 and acted as a lifeline for the keepers offshore. Signal Tower Museum was opened in 1974 as a visitor centre, detailing the history of the lighthouse and the town of Arbroath.[97]

Arbroath Art Gallery occupies two galleries above Arbroath Library. It hosts changing displays of artworks from the collection of Angus Council and elsewhere. Highlight of the collection include two large oil paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The Adoration of the Magi and Saint John Preaching in the Wilderness.[98]

Hospitalfield House, a baronial mansion to the west of the town, houses an educational charity promoting contemporary arts.[99]

Arbroath smokies
Local Delicacy: The Arbroath Smokie

Arbroath smokies, known nationally and internationally, have been made solely in Arbroath since the award of Protected Geographical Indication in 2004, which limits their production to within 4 km of Arbroath. Smokies are made from haddock by traditional methods dating back to the late 19th century. The fish are first salted overnight to preserve them, then left tied in pairs to dry. Next, the dried fish are hung in a covered barrel containing a hardwood fire. After about an hour of smoking, the fish are golden brown and ready to eat.[100] The preparation of smokies remains a cottage industry in Arbroath, centred almost exclusively on the harbour area. However, one larger processor, RR Spink, supplied Arbroath smokies to several UK supermarket chains. It appears that, nowadays, the firm concentrates on smoking other fish such as salmon or trout and no longer supplies the Arbroath Smokie. The company holds the Royal Warrant as a fishmonger to the Queen.[101][102]

Sport

Arbroath has one professional football team, Arbroath, who play in Scottish Championship, the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League. Arbroath plays its home matches at Gayfield Park, which holds the record for being the closest stadium to the sea in European football (around 5½ yards from the high tide line).[103] Arbroath holds the world record for the largest winning margin in a senior football match, 36–0, in their Scottish Cup match against Bon Accord (a scratch team from Aberdeen) on 12 September 1885.[104] Further goals were disallowed either for offside or because it was unclear whether the ball had gone into the goal.[105] For this reason the AFC supporters' club is called the 36–0 club in memory of the event. Arbroath are nicknamed the Red Lichties, after the red light used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the harbour (lichtie being a Scots word for light). Arbroath and the surrounding areas are home to several amateur senior and junior teams competing in the various amateur leagues, such as Arbroath Victoria and Arbroath SC.

Arbroath has an outdoor Arbroath Lawn Tennis Club.[106] It was upgraded in 2014–2015 from fundraising and a grant from Sportscotland.[107][108]

Arbroath has a rugby union club and several bowls clubs, with former World, British and current Commonwealth Games singles champion Darren Burnett a native of Arbroath.[109]

Arbroath has a successful cricket club. It won the CSL Eastern Premiership in 2013 and the Scottish Cup in 2015.[110]

Arbroath is a popular location for angling.

Public services

Arbroath and the surrounding area are supplied by Scottish Water. Along with Dundee and parts of Perthshire, Angus receives water from Lintrathen and Backwater reservoirs in Glen Isla. Electricity distribution is by Scottish Hydro Electric plc, part of the Scottish and Southern Energy group.

Waste management is handled by Angus Council. There is a kerbside recycling scheme that has been in operation since May 2004. Cans, glass, paper and plastic bottles are collected on a weekly basis. Compostable material and non-recyclable material are collected on alternate weeks.[111] Roughly two thirds of non-recyclable material is sent to landfill at Angus Council's site at Lochhead, Forfar and the remainder sent for incineration (with energy recovery) outside the council area.[112]

There is a recycling centre at Cairnie Loan. Items accepted include, steel and aluminium cans, cardboard, paper, electrical equipment, engine oil, fridges and freezers, garden waste, gas bottles, glass, liquid food and drinks cartons, plastic bottles, plastic carrier bags, rubble, scrap metal, shoes and handbags, spectacles, textiles, tin foil, wood and yellow pages. Angus council publishes details of where and how each product is processed.[113] There are also glass banks at Timmergreens Shopping Centre, the Abbeygate Car Park, Morrisons Car Park and East Muirlands Road.[114] The Angus Council area had a recycling rate of 34.7 per cent in 2007/2008.[111]

Healthcare is supplied by NHS Tayside. Arbroath Infirmary can be found at Rosemount Road, at the top of the hill[115] and Ninewells Hospital, Dundee.[116] Primary Health Care in Arbroath is supplied by Abbey Health Centre in East Abbey Street and Springfield Medical Centre in Ponderlaw Street. Arbroath, along with the rest of Scotland is served by the Scottish Ambulance Service.[117]

Policing is provided by Police Scotland, with the police station located in Gravesend,[118] and Arbroath is served by Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.[119]

Arbroath has had its own lifeboat since 1803 and is currently the last remaining slipway launched lifeboat in Scotland.
Located at the harbour the lifeboat station houses two RNLI lifeboats, an inshore D-Class IB1 lifeboat the "Duncan Ferguson" and an all weather Mersey Class Lifeboat the "Inchcape" named after the infamous rock that the Bell Rock Lighthouse sits on. Photos and information on the Arbroath Lifeboats along with their history and callout statistics can be found at the stations website. www.arbroath-lifeboat.org.uk[120][121]

Notable people
  • Arbroath Abbey
  • East Arbroath Beach
  • Arbroath Railway Station, Platform 1
  • Arbroath RNLI Boat Station
  • Hospitalfield House
  • Arbroath Sandstone Cliffs
  • Local Library
  • Signal Tower
  • Bell Rock Lighthouse
  • Keptie Pond with Old Water-Tower
  • Arbroath Second World War Memorial

See also

References
  1. "Mid-2016 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  2. "Arbroath". Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba ~ Gaelic Place-names of Scotland. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  3. "Arbroath 2011 Census – Population". Scotlands Census. Scottish Executive. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  4. "Quatrocentenary of Arbroath's Royal Charter 1599 - 1999". Angus Council. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  5. Beveridge, E. (1923). The 'Abers' and 'Invers' of Scotland. W. Brown.
  6. Price, G. (2000). Languages in Britain & Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-21581-3. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  7. Watson, W.J. (1926). The Celtic Placenames of Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
  8. Various authors (1290) Letters: confirmation of the treaty of Salisbury Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, www.rps.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  9. Various authors (1290) Letter: from the guardians, bishops, earls, abbots and barons of Scotland to Edward I of England, giving consent for the marriage of Queen Margaret to Edward, the king's son Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, www.rps.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  10. Various authors (1320) Letters: 'The Declaration of Arbroath'; letter of the barons of Scotland to Pope John XXII Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, www.rps.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  11. T. Pont, c. 1583–1596 Lower Angus and Perthshire east of the Tay, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008
  12. J. Ainslie, 1794 Map of the county of Forfar or Shire of Angus, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  13. R. Edward, 1678, Angusia Provincia Scotiae, The Shire of Angus, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  14. G. Taylor and A. Skinner, 1776 Survey and maps of the roads of North Britain or Scotland: Road from Aberbrothick to Brechine. Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008
  15. J. Knox, 1850 Map of the Basin of the Tay, including the greater part of Perthshire, Strathmore and the Braes of Angus or Forfar, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  16. W. Roy, 1747–55, Military Survey of Scotland Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  17. Ordnance Survey (1888) 1 inch to the mile maps of Scotland 1st Edition. Sheet 49 Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  18. R. Gordon, c. 1636-52, Anguss, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008
  19. H. Moll, 1732, The Shire of Angus or Forfar, www.nls.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  20. Kendrick, J.; Barclay, G. J.; Cowie, T. G.; Saville, A.; Townshend, A.; Braby, A. (1995). "Excavation of a Neolithic enclosure and an Iron Age settlement at Douglasmuir, Angus" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 125: 29–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
  21. Jervise, A. (1863), Notice of stone cists and an urn, found near Arbroath, Forfarshire Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 5, 100–102. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008
  22. Watkins, T. and Barclay, G. (1978–80) Excavation of a settlement and souterrain at Newmill, near Bankfoot, Perthshire Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 110, 165–208. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  23. A. Jervise, c. 1860 An account of the excavation of the round or "bee-hive" shaped house and other underground chambers, at West Grange of Conan, Forfarshire Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 4, 429–499. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  24. T. O. Clancy, 2002, The Drosten Stone: A new reading Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123, 345–353. ahds.ac.uk; Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  25.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arbroath". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 339.
  26. Miller, D. (1860). Arbroath and its abbey, or the early history of the town and abbey of Aberbrothock including notices of ecclesiastical and other antiquities in the surrounding district. Edinburgh: Thomas G. Stevenson. p. 140. panmure castle
  27. A. Jervise, 1853 The history and traditions of the land of the Lindsays in Angus and Mearnes, with notices of Alyth and Meigle, Sutherland & Knox, Edinburgh.
  28. "MS 300 Royal Burgh of Arbroath". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  29. Harrower-Gray, Annette. "The Kelpie's Curse : Scotland Magazine Issue 60". Scotland Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  30. C. Duffy, The 45 (2003), pp 83, 86.
  31. C. Duffy, The 45, p. 366.
  32. "travel.yahoo.com". Rough Guides. Yahoo Travel. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  33. Warden, A.J. (1867). The linen trade, ancient and modern. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green.
  34. "Alexander Shanks and Son". Grace's Guide.
  35. "Alexander Shanks". The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  36. "Andrew's, St – Arbroath". A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. 1846. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  37. "MS 43 Alexander Shanks & Sons Ltd". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  38. "MS 42 Giddings & Lewis-Fraser Ltd". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  39. "Second boost as Arbroath harbour back on the map". The Courier and Advertiser. D.C Thompson. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2004. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  40. "Fishing Industry Statistics". Aberdeenshire Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  41. Urquhart, Frank (23 December 2005). "Quotas set to put bite on fish & chips". The Scotsman. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  42. "THB 20 Arbroath Infirmary". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  43. "The Inchcape Casket". Dundee Courier. British Newspaper Archive. 6 June 1922. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  44. "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994". Office of Public Sector Information. 1994. Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  45. Election 2012 Results Ward 6 – Arbroath West & Letham, archived from the original on 7 May 2012, retrieved 8 May 2012
  46. Election 2012 Results Ward 7 – Arbroath East & Lunan, archived from the original on 7 May 2012, retrieved 8 May 2012
  47. "UK Parliamentary Election for the Angus Constituency". Angus Council. 5 May 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  48. "SNP's Angus wins no surprise – but margin of victory exceeds all expectations", The Courier, 6 May 2011, archived from the original on 10 May 2011, retrieved 6 May 2011
  49. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Forfarshire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 660–662.
  50. "Arbroath climate information". Met Office. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  51. "Arbroath climate information". Met Office. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  52. McBain, J. M. (1897). Eminent Arbroathians, 1178–1894. Arbroath: Brodie & Salmond.
  53. Lord Fraser of Carmyllie. "The Red Lichties and Their Impact on the Rest of the World" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
  54. "Unemployment Statistics" (PDF). Angus Council. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  55. "Dundee Economic Profile" (PDF). Dundee City Council. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  56. "Census – Supporting Information". Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL). Scottish Executive. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  57. "Arbroath 2001 Census – Employment". Scotland's Census Results Online (SCROL). Scottish Executive. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  58. Great Britain Parliament. House of Commons (1845). Minutes of evidence taken before the commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of tidal harbours. Parliamentary Papers. 16. pp. 45–49.
  59. Emiliano Marino. The sailmaker's apprentice: a guide for the self-reliant sailor.
  60. Jarrett, Andrew (11 May 2004). "Disappointment for Arbroath Shoppers". Dundee Courier & Advertiser. DC Thompson. Archived from the original on 20 May 2004. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  61. "Arbroath Timeline". Retrieved 13 January 2007.
  62. Chamberlain, Gethin; John Ross (24 July 2004). "Fort George at risk from defence cuts". The Scotsman. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  63. "Average property prices in Arbroath". UpMyStreet.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  64. "UK House Prices". BBC News. BBC. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  65. "New road 'improves' town fortune". BBC News. BBC. 22 January 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  66. "Arbroath Abbey wins gold for green tourism". Scottish Executive. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  67. "Thrills galore at Seafront Spectacular". Dundee Courier & Advertiser. DC Thompson. 17 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  68. "Kerr's Miniature Railway". Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
  69. Millar, Maggie. "End of the line: Hundreds bid farewell to Arbroath's beloved miniature railway". www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk. Evening Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  70. "Harbour Visitor Center, Arbroath". AngusAhead. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  71. "Dundee Airport". Dundee City Council. Archived from the original on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
  72. "Angus Council Schools". Angus Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  73. "HMSI – Angus Council" (PDF). HMSI. Scottish Executive. April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  74. "Michael Forsyth". BBC News. BBC. 1997. Archived from the original on 22 November 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  75. "Angus College FOI". Angus College. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
  76. Old and Abbey Church, Arbroath, www.old-and-abbey-church.org.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  77. St Andrews Church, Arbroath, www.arbroathstandrews.org.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  78. Knox's Church, Arbroath http://www.knoxschurch.org/; retrieved 7 January 2011
  79. Arbroath West Kirk Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, www.arbroathwestkirk.org.uk/; Retrieved 12 December
  80. St Vigeans Church, http://www.stvigeanschurch.org; retrieved 7 January 2011
  81. The Diocese of Brechin, Part of the Scottish Episcopal Church, www.thedioceseofbrechin.org; Retrieved 12 March 2016
  82. "Records of St. Mary's Church, Arbroath". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  83. "St Thomas Of Canterbury RC Church, Arbroath". Angus Council. 8 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013.
  84. "St Thomas of Canterbury, Arbroath". Scotland's Churches Trust. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  85. Diocese of Dunkeld Archived 8 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, www.dunkelddiocese.org.uk/parishes.htm; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  86. "St Thomas RC Primary School".
  87. The Methodist Church of Great Britain Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, www.methodist.org.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  88. Elim Pentecostal Churches in Scotland Archived 1 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, www.eliminscotland.org.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  89. Springfield Gospel Hall, www.springfieldgospelhall.org; Retrieved 12 December 2008
  90. Arbroath Town Mission Centre Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, www.arbroathtownmission.org.uk; Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  91. "Theatres in Perthshire, Angus, Dundee and Fire". Visit Scotland. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  92. "The Alexander Brothers". Foot Stompin' Celtic Music. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  93. Barnett, Ralph (7 November 2005). "Happy days with minstrels recalled". Dundee Courier & Advertiser. DC Thompson. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  94. Bayer, Kurt (8 November 2005). "Minstrels order to stop 'blacking up'". The Scotsman. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  95. Barnett, Ralph (5 April 2005). "Preparing for Tartan Day events in Angus". Dundee Evening Telegraph. DC Thompson. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  96. "Walter Scott". Edinburgh University Library. 7 February 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  97. Arbroath Signal Tower Museum Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  98. ArtUK: Arbroath Art Gallery.
  99. "Patrick Allan-Fraser of Hospitalfield Trust, Registered Charity no. SC009987". Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator.
  100. "Arbroath Smokie PGI". Protected Food Names. HM Government. 31 March 2004. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  101. "The Royal Warrant Holders Association". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  102. Urquhart, Frank (30 April 2004). "New factory revives 'smokie' production". The Scotsman. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  103. "Arbroath Gayfield Park". Scottish Football Ground Guide. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  104. "A day when Scottish football scorched the record books". The Scotsman. 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007.
  105. "The 36-0 team". Arbroath F.C. 2003. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007.
  106. "Arbroath Lawn Tennis Club | Angus | My Tennis Life". My Tennis Life. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  107. "Arbroath Tennis Club on target for their upgrade!". Tennis Tayside. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  108. "Arbroath Tennis Club (@arbroathltc) | Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  109. "Bowls: Lawson scorches path to last eight". The New Zealand Herald. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  111. Angus Council kerbside Recycling Scheme Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine angus.gov.uk; retrieved 7 September 2008
  112. Angus Council local plan section 37 Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, angus.gov.uk; retrieved 7 September 2008.
  113. Angus Council recycling centres Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, angus.gov.uk; retrieved 7 September 2008.
  114. Angus Council neighbourhood recycling points Archived 5 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, angus.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  115. Arbroath Infirmary, nhstayside.scot.nhs.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  116. Ninwells Hospital, nhstayside.scot.nhs.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  117. Scottish Ambulance Service Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, scottishambulance.com; retrieved 7 September 2008
  118. Tayside Police Archived 22 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine tayside.police.uk; retrieved 7 September 2008
  119. Tayside Fire and Rescue Service, taysidefire.gov.uk; Retrieved 7 September 2008
  120. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  121. "The RNLI". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  122. The Singing Lass. Selected Work of Marion Angus, ed. Aimée Chalmers.
  123. "Dr Neil Arnott". Heritage Group Website of the CIBSE. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  124. "TV presenter backs out of crucifixion ordeal". Manchester Evening News. 14 April 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  125. "John Ritchie Findlay". The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  126. "James Gibson". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  127. "Harry Lauder". Glasgow University Library. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  128. "Durward Lely". the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  130. "Morris Pert Official Biography". morrispert.com. Morris Pert. Archived from the original on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  131. "Skea, David Frederick". Aston Villa Player Database.
  132. "Andrew (Andy) Stewart". The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  133. "Andy Webster Profile and Career". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.