Aporrhaidae

Aporrhaidae is a family of sea snails commonly called the "pelican's foot snails." The taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005[2] categorizes Aporrhaidae as marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.

Aporrhaidae
A shell of Aporrhais pespelecani, from Catalonia, Spain
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Stromboidea
Family: Aporrhaidae
Gray, 1850[1]
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • † Anchurinae Kollmann, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
  • Aporrhaididae (misspelling)
  • Aporrhaiidae (Spelling variation)
  • Aporrhainae Gray, 1850 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Arrhoginae Popenoe, 1983
  • Chenopidae Deshayes, 1865
  • † Dicrolomatidae Korotkov, 1992
  • † Dimorphosominae Kollmann, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Harpagodinae Pchelintsev, 1963 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Perissopterinae Korotkov, 1992
  • † Pterocerellinae Bandel, 2007 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Pugnellidae Kiel & Bandel, 1999 (original rank)
  • † Pugnellinae Kiel & Bandel, 1999 · accepted, alternate representation
  • Spinilomatinae Gründel, Nützel & Schulbert, 2009 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Struthiopterinae Zinsmeister & Griffin, 1995 · accepted, alternate representation
  • † Tundorinae Bandel, 2007 †

Aporrhaids are commercially important, especially in traditional fisheries.[3]

Description

Aporrhaids have a large lip with finger-like extensions, and a small operculum. They do not have movable eyes. Instead, their eyes are fixed at the base of each tentacle.[4]

The mollusk has one narrow foot, which renders its motion interrupted as the foot must raise the shell a tiny bit in each single movement, simultaneously pushing it forward. The motion must be repeated again and again for the mollusk to travel.[5]

Habitat

Aporrhaidae live on muddy and sandy bottoms, sometimes in very large populations.

Subfamilies

Subfamilies in the family Aporrhaidae include:

  • Aporrhainae Gray, 1850 - synonym: Chenopidae Deshayes, 1865
  • Arrhoginae Popenoe, 1983 - synonyms: Alariidae Koken, 1889 (inv.); Dicrolomatidae Korotkov, 1992
  • † Harpagonidae Pchelintsev, 1963
  • † Perissopterinae Korotkov, 1992 - synonym: Struthiopterinae Zinsmeister & Griffin, 1995
  • † Spinigerinae Korotkov, 1992 (inv.)
Aporrhais from the Pliocene of Cyprus.

Genera

There are only two Recent genera:[6][7]

  • Aporrhais da Costa, 1778
  • Arrhoges Gabb, 1868
  • † Dicroloma Gabb, 1868
  • † Drepanocheilus Meek, 1864
  • † Hemichenopus Steinmann & Wilckens, 1908
  • † Struthioptera Finlay & Marwick, 1937

Fossil genera within the family Aporrhaidae include:

  • Alarimella Saul, 1998
  • Anchura Conrad, 1860
  • Antarctohoges Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992
  • Araeodactylus Harris & Burrows, 1891
  • Auriala Hacobjan, 1976
  • Austroaporrhais Zinsmeister & Griffin, 1995
  • Bicorempterus Gründel, 2001
  • Ceratosiphon Gill, 1870
  • Cultrigera Böhm, 1885
  • Cuphosolenus Piette, 1876
  • Cuphotifer Piette, 1876
  • Cyclomolops Gabb, 1868
  • Diarthema Piette, 1864
  • Digitolabrum Cossmann, 1904
  • Dimorphosoma Gardner, 1875
  • Graciliala Sohl, 1960
  • Goniocheila Gabb, 1868
  • Helicaulax Gabb, 1868
  • Kangilioptera Rosenkrantz, 1970
  • Kaunhowenia Abdel Gawad, 1986
  • Latiala Sohl, 1960
  • Lispodesthes White, 1875
  • Maussenetia Cossmann, 1904
  • Mexopus Kiel & Perrilliat, 2001
  • Monocuphus Piette, 1876
  • Perissopter Tate, 1865
  • Peruchilus Olsson, 1931
  • Pietteia Cossmann, 1904
  • Platyoptera Conrad, 1855
  • Pseudanchura Kollmann, 2005
  • Pterocerella Meek, 1864
  • Pugioptera Pchelincev, 1953
  • Strombopugnellus Koch, 1911
  • Struthiochenopus Zinsmeister & Griffin, 1995
  • Teneposita Loch, 1989
  • Tessarolax Gabb, 1864
  • Tibiaporrhais Elder, 1990
  • Toarctocera Gründel, Nützel & Schulbert, 2009[8] - type species: Rostellaria subpunctata - Toarctocera subpunctata (von Munster in Goldfuss, 1826–1844)
  • Trilemma Blagovetshenskiy & Shumilkin, 2006
  • Tulochilus Finlay & Marwick, 1937
  • Tundora Stephenson, 1941
  • Ueckeritzella Gründel, 1998
  • Wateletia Cossmann, 1889

References
  1. Gray J. E. 1850. Figures of molluscous animals selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students by M. E. Gray. Volume 4. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London. iv+219 pp. Apporhaidae at page 66.
  2. Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997. 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. http://shells.tricity.wsu.edu/ArcherdShellCollection/Gastropoda/Aporrhaidae.html
  5. http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo154498.htm
  6. Gofas, S. (2012). Aporrhaidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22988 on 2012-09-27
  7. Kronenberg, G.C. 1991: The Recent species of the family Aporrhaidae. Vita marina, 41(2): 73-84.
  8. Gründel, J., Nützel A. & Schulbert C. (24 July) 2009. Toarctocera (Gastropoda, Aporrhaidae): a new genus from the Jurassic (Toarcian/Aalenian) of South Germany and the early evolutionary history of the family Aporrhaidae. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (online), PDF
  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
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