Androsace

Androsace, commonly known as rock jasmine,[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae, second only to Primula in the number of species.[3] It is predominantly Arctic–alpine, with many species in the Himalayas (where the genus originated), the mountains of central Asia, the Caucasus, and the southern and central European mountain systems, particularly the Alps and the Pyrenees.

Androsace
Androsace laevigata in Olympic National Park, United States
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Primuloideae
Genus: Androsace
L.
Sections

Andraspis
Androsace
Aretia

Subsection Aretia
Subsection Dicranothrix

Aizoidium
Douglasia[1]
Chamaejasme

Subsection Chamaejasmoidea
Subsection Villosae

Pseudoprimula
Vitaliana[1]

Plants of this genus are sometimes known as rock jasmines or fairy candelabras, and are widely cultivated for their dense cushions covered in white or pink flowers. There are roughly 110 species.[4][5]

These plants have small entire or toothed leaves which form a basal rosette.[6]

Taxonomy

Recent molecular studies show that the genera Douglasia (found in north-western North America and easternmost Siberia), Pomatosace (an Himalayan endemic) and Vitaliana (a European endemic) are nested within Androsace.[3][7] Phylogenetic studies have also demonstrated that the ancestor of Androsace first appeared about 35 Mya ago and was most probably an annual species.[8] Evolution towards the denser morphology of cushions took place two times independently in Asia and in Europe.[8]

Species

As of December 2019, Plants of the World Online recognizes the following species, including those formerly placed in Douglasia and Vitaliana.[9][10]

  • Androsace adenocephala Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace adfinis Biroli
  • Androsace aflatunensis Ovcz.
  • Androsace aizoon Duby
  • Androsace akbaitalensis Derganc ex O.Fedtsch.
  • Androsace alaica Ovcz. & S.B.Astan.
  • Androsace alaschanica Maxim.
  • Androsace alaskana Coville & Standl. ex Hultén
  • Androsace albana Steven
  • Androsace alchemilloides Franch.
  • Androsace alpina (L.) Lam.
  • Androsace americana Wendelbo
  • Androsace apus Franch. ex R.Knuth
  • Androsace × aretioides (Gaudin) Hegetschw.
  • Androsace × aretioides A.Kern.
  • Androsace argentea (C.F.Gaertn.) Lapeyr.
  • Androsace armeniaca Duby
  • Androsace axillaris (Franch.) Franch.
  • Androsace baltistanica Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace beringensis (S.Kelso, Jurtzev & D.F.Murray) Cubey
  • Androsace bidentata K.Koch
  • Androsace bisulca Bureau & Franch.
  • Androsace brachystegia Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace brahmaputrae Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace bryomorpha Lipsky
  • Androsace bulleyana Forrest
  • Androsace bungeana Schischk. & Bobrov
  • Androsace caduca Ovcz.
  • Androsace caespitosa Lehm. ex Spreng.
  • Androsace cernuiflora Y.C.Yang & R.F.Huang
  • Androsace chaixii Gren. & Godr.
  • Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen
  • Androsace ciliata DC.
  • Androsace ciliifolia Ludlow
  • Androsace constancei Wendelbo
  • Androsace coronata (Watt) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace cortusifolia Nakai
  • Androsace croftii Watt
  • Androsace cuscutiformis Franch.
  • Androsace cuttingii C.E.C.Fisch.
  • Androsace cylindrica DC.
  • Androsace darvasica Ovcz.
  • Androsace dasyphylla Bunge
  • Androsace delavayi Franch.
  • Androsace dielsiana R.Knuth
  • Androsace dissecta (Franch.) Franch.
  • Androsace diversifolia C.Y.Wu
  • Androsace duthieana R.Knuth
  • Androsace elatior Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Androsace elongata L.
  • Androsace engleri R.Knuth
  • Androsace erecta Maxim.
  • Androsace eritrichioides Gand.
  • Androsace × escheri Brügger
  • Androsace euryantha Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace exscapa Maximova
  • Androsace fedtschenkoi Ovcz.
  • Androsace filiformis Retz.
  • Androsace flavescens Maxim.
  • Androsace foliosa Duby
  • Androsace forrestiana Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace gagnepainiana Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace geraniifolia Watt
  • Androsace globifera Duby
  • Androsace globiferoides (Kunth) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace gmelinii (L.) Roem. & Schult.
  • Androsace gorodkovii Ovcz. & Karav.
  • Androsace graceae Forrest ex W.W.Sm.
  • Androsace gracilis Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace graminifolia C.E.C.Fisch.
  • Androsace halleri L.
  • Androsace handel-mazzettii Kress
  • Androsace harrissii Duthie
  • Androsace hausmannii Leyb.
  • Androsace hazarica R.R.Stewart ex Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace hedreantha Griseb.
  • Androsace × heeri W.D.J.Koch
  • Androsace helvetica (L.) All.
  • Androsace hemisphaerica Ludlow
  • Androsace henryi Oliv.
  • Androsace hohxilensis R.F.Huang & S.K.Wu
  • Androsace hookeriana Klatt
  • Androsace hopeiensis Nakai
  • Androsace × hybrida A.Kern.
  • Androsace idahoensis (Douglass M.Hend.) Cubey
  • Androsace incana Lam.
  • Androsace integra (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace intermedia Ledeb.
  • Androsace jacquemontii Duby
  • Androsace khokhrjakovii Mazurenko
  • Androsace khumbuensis Dentant
  • Androsace komovensis Schönsw. & Schneew.
  • Androsace kouytchensis Bonati
  • Androsace kuczerovii Knjaz.
  • Androsace kuvajevii Mazurenko
  • Androsace lactea L.
  • Androsace lactiflora Fisch. ex Willd.
  • Androsace laevigata (A.Gray) Wendelbo
  • Androsace laggeri A.Huet
  • Androsace lanuginosa Wall.
  • Androsace laxa C.M.Hu & Y.C.Yang
  • Androsace lehmanniana Spreng.
  • Androsace lehmannii Wall. ex Duby
  • Androsace limprichtii Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Androsace longifolia Turcz.
  • Androsace lowariensis Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace ludlowiana Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace mairei H.Lév.
  • Androsace × marpensis G.F.Sm.
  • Androsace mathildae Levier
  • Androsace maxima L.
  • Androsace medifissa Y.L.Chen & Y.C.Yang
  • Androsace minor (Hand.-Mazz.) C.M.Hu & Y.C.Yang
  • Androsace mirabilis Franch.
  • Androsace mollis Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace montana (A.Gray) Wendelbo
  • Androsace mucronifolia Watt
  • Androsace multiscapa Duby
  • Androsace muscoidea Duby
  • Androsace nivalis (Lindl.) Wendelbo
  • Androsace nortonii Ludlow
  • Androsace obtusifolia All.
  • Androsace occidentalis Pursh
  • Androsace ochotensis Roem. & Schult.
  • Androsace ojhorensis Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace ovalifolia Y.C.Yang
  • Androsace ovczinnikovii Schischk. & Bobrov
  • Androsace pavlovskii Ovcz.
  • Androsace paxiana R.Knuth
  • Androsace × pedemontana Rchb.
  • Androsace phaeoblephara Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace podlechii Wendelbo
  • Androsace poissonii R.Knuth
  • Androsace pomeiensis C.M.Hu & Y.C.Yang
  • Androsace pubescens DC.
  • Androsace pyrenaica Lam.
  • Androsace refracta Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace rhizomatosa Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace rigida Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace rioxana A.Segura
  • Androsace rockii W.E.Evans
  • Androsace rotundifolia Hardw.
  • Androsace runcinata Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace russellii Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace sajanensis Stepanov
  • Androsace salasii Kurtz
  • Androsace sarmentosa Wall.
  • Androsace selago Hook.f. & Thomson ex Klatt
  • Androsace sempervivoides Jacquem. ex Duby
  • Androsace septentrionalis L.
  • Androsace sericea Ovcz.
  • Androsace sessiliflora Turrill
  • Androsace similis Craib
  • Androsace spinulifera (Franch.) R.Knuth
  • Androsace squarrosula Maxim.
  • Androsace staintonii Y.J.Nasir
  • Androsace stenophylla (Petitm.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace strigillosa Franch.
  • Androsace sublanata Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace sutchuenensis Franch.
  • Androsace tanggulashanensis Y.C.Yang & R.F.Huang
  • Androsace tapete Maxim.
  • Androsace tibetica (Maxim.) R.Knuth
  • Androsace tonkinensis Bonati
  • Androsace tribracteata R.F.Huang
  • Androsace triflora Adams
  • Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr.
  • Androsace vegae R.Knuth
  • Androsace villosa L.
  • Androsace vitaliana (L.) Lapeyr.
  • Androsace wardii W.W.Sm.
  • Androsace wilsoniana Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace wulfeniana (Sieber ex W.D.J.Koch) Rchb.
  • Androsace yargongensis Petitm.
  • Androsace zambalensis (Petitm.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Androsace zayulensis Hand.-Mazz.

Former Douglasia species

The online Flora of North America placed nine species in Douglasia[11] that are now included in Androsace (names in Androsace from Plants of the World Online[9]):

  • Douglasia arctica = Androsace americana
  • Douglasia alaskana = Androsace alaskana
  • Douglasia beringensis = Androsace beringensis
  • Douglasia gormanii = Androsace constancei
  • Douglasia idahoensis = Androsace idahoensis
  • Douglasia laevigata = Androsace laevigata
  • Douglasia montana = Androsace montana
  • Douglasia nivalis = Androsace nivalis
  • Douglasia ochotensis = Androsace ochotensis

Cultivation

The following species have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. All are mat-forming evergreen perennials.

  • A. lanuginosa (woolly rock jasmine)[12] - lilac pink
  • A. sempervivoides (sempervivum-leaved rock jasmine)[13] - mauve pink
  • A. studiosorum (rock jasmine)[14] - deep pink

References
  1. Douglasia and Vitaliana were formerly treated as separate genera.
  2. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 352. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. Gerald M. Schneeweiss; Peter Schönswetter; Sylvia Kelso; Harald Niklfeld (2004). "Complex biogeographic patterns in Androsace (Primulaceae) and related genera: evidence from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer and plastid trnL-F sequences" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 53 (6): 856–876. doi:10.1080/10635150490522566. JSTOR 4135374. PMID 15764556.
  4. Jepson Manual Treatment
  5. Flora of China
  6. Grey-Wilson, Christopher (2001). The Rock Garden Plant Primer. London: Timber Press. p. 47.
  7. Trift I., Anderberg A. A. and Källersjö M. 2002. The monophyly of Primula (Primulaceae) evaluated by analysis of sequences from the chloroplast gene rbcL. Systematic Botany 27(2):396-407
  8. Florian C. Boucher; Wilfried Thuiller; Cristina Roquet; Rolland Douzet; Serge Aubert; Nadir Alvarez; Sébastien Lavergne (2012). "Reconstructing the origins of high-alpine niches and cushion life form in the genus Androsace s.l. (Primulaceae)" (PDF proof). Evolution. 66 (4): 1255–1268. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01483.x. PMC 3999638. PMID 22486702.
  9. "Androsace L.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-12-27
  10. Dixon, C.J.; Gutermann, W.; Schönswetter, P. & Schneeweiss, G.M. (2016), "Taxonomy and nomenclature of the polymorphic European high mountain species Androsace vitaliana (L.) Lapeyr. (Primulaceae)", PhytoKeys, 75 (75): 93–106, doi:10.3897/phytokeys.75.10731, PMC 5234540, PMID 28127247
  11. Kelso, Sylvia, "Douglasia", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America (online), eFloras.org, retrieved 2019-12-27
  12. "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace lanuginosa". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  13. "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace sempervivoides". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  14. "RHS Plantfinder - Androsace studiosorum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
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