American Airlines Flight 1

American Airlines Flight 1 was a domestic, scheduled passenger flight from New York International (Idlewild) Airport (now John F. Kennedy International Airport) to Los Angeles International Airport. On March 1, 1962, the Boeing 707 rolled over and crashed into Jamaica Bay two minutes after takeoff, killing all 87 passengers and eight crew members aboard. A Civil Aeronautics Board investigation determined that a manufacturing defect in the autopilot system led to an uncommanded rudder control system input, causing the accident. A number of notable people died in the crash. It was the fifth fatal Boeing 707 accident, and at the time, the deadliest.[1]

For other air crashes with the American Airlines Flight 1 designation, see American Airlines Flight 1 (1941) and American Airlines Flight 1 (1936).

American Airlines Flight 1
An American Airlines Boeing 707 similar to the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
DateMarch 1, 1962
SummaryImproper maintenance, manufacturing defect leading to mechanical failure
SiteJamaica Bay, Queens, New York, United States
40°37′4″N 73°50′13″W
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 707-123B Astrojet
OperatorAmerican Airlines
RegistrationN7506A
Flight originNew York International Airport, New York City
DestinationLos Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California
Occupants95
Passengers87
Crew8
Fatalities95
Survivors0

Flight and crash

The aircraft was a Boeing 707-123B, registered as N7506A. It was delivered to American Airlines on February 12, 1959. At the time of the crash, it had accumulated 8,147 flight hours. Its last periodic inspection had occurred on January 18, 1962, at 7,922 hours.[2] The flight crew consisted of Captain James Heist (56), First Officer Michael Barna Jr. (35), Second Officer Robert Pecor (32), and Flight Engineer Robert Cain (32).[2]

The aircraft received instructions to taxi to Runway 31L at 9:54 am EST, and clearance to proceed to Los Angeles nonstop under instrument flight rules (IFR) at 10:02 am. Flight 1 became airborne at 10:07 am. Following American Airlines procedures and departure control instructions, the aircraft initiated a left turn to a heading of 290°.[2] In the course of the turn, at 1,600 feet, the aircraft banked too sharply, flipped past 90°, and began an upside-down, nose-first descent in a nearly vertical dive.[2]

Flight 1 crashed into Pumpkin Patch Channel, Jamaica Bay, at 10:08:49, while angled at 78° and on a magnetic heading of 300°.[2] Passengers aboard a Mohawk Airlines plane bound for Albany that took off immediately after Flight 1 watched the plane plunge into the bay.[3][4] The jet exploded upon impact, a tall splash of brackish water and black smoke erupted from the site, and the scattered debris and fuel caught fire.[3] Long Island residents described hearing explosions that shook the foundations of nearby houses, though no one on the ground is known to have witnessed the airliner hitting the swamp. However, a few men at Naval Air Station New York/Floyd Bennett Field saw the massive column of water rising above the hangars, and one guard—at his post on the Cross Bay Bridge—saw the aircraft roll over.[4][5]

The aircraft crashed into a remote area of marshland on Jamaica Bay used as a wildlife sanctuary.[4] Upwards of 300 policemen and fire fighters, including 125 detectives attending a narcotics seminar at the police academy, as well as Coast Guard helicopters, were mobilized to the crash site within half an hour of the crash for rescue operations, only to find no survivors.[4][5] The three-alarm fire was under control by 10:50 am, when only wreckage remained.[5] Low tides aided search personnel in their attempts to recover bodies from the downed aircraft. Only a few bodies remained intact.[4]

Federal investigation

The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) received notification of the accident at 10:10 am and immediately sent investigators to Jamaica Bay to conduct an investigation. The flight recorder was found on March 9 and sent to Washington, DC, for analysis.[6] Public hearings were held at the International Hotel in New York on March 20–23, 1962.[2]

Investigators were unable to recover sufficient body tissue to determine whether the crew had been physically incapacitated at the time of the crash.[2] Toxicology reports conclusively ruled out toxic gases, alcohol, and drugs as possible cause for the crash.[2] Milton Helpern, Chief Medical Examiner, decided that having relatives attempt visual identification of the crash victims was inhumane and ordered dental and fingerprint comparisons.[3] In early July, the CAB announced their investigators believed that a cotter pin and a bolt missing from the rudder mechanism might have caused Flight 1's crash. Though considered to be a "mechanic's oversight", the CAB nevertheless wired all 707 operators to inform them of the potential danger of the assembly.[7]

In January 1963, the CAB released its aircraft accident report stating that the "most likely abnormality" to have caused the crash was a short circuit caused by wires in the automatic piloting system that had been damaged in the manufacturing process. It stated that the probable cause of the accident was "...rudder control system malfunction producing yaw, sideslip, and roll leading to a loss of control from which recovery was not effective"[2] and concluded "that a rudder servo malfunction due to shorted wires is the most likely abnormality to have produced the accident."[2]

CAB inspectors had inspected units at a Bendix Corporation plant in Teterboro, New Jersey, and discovered workers using tweezers to bind up bundles of wires, thereby damaging them.[8] The Bendix Corporation issued denials, stating that the units underwent 61 inspections during manufacturing, in addition to inspections during installation and maintenance work, and insisted that had the insulation on the wires been breached at some point, it would have surely been detected and the unit replaced.[9]

Somewhat unusually, American Airlines continued using the "Flight 1" designator after the accident; AA1 is still used for a daily morning departure from New York-JFK to Los Angeles using the Airbus A321T.[10]

Notable victims

A number of well-known persons were aboard Flight 1 when it went down in Jamaica Bay.[11] They included:

The crash serves as a central plot element in the Mad Men season-two episode "Flight 1" (episode two).[12]

See also

References
  1. Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on November 15, 2009.
  2. American Airlines, Inc., Boeing 707-123B N 7506A, Jamaica Bay, Long Island, New York, March 1, 1962. Civil Aeronautics Board. January 15, 1963. Docket No. SA-366. File No. 1-0001. Archived from the original (web archive) on May 28, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
    (Navigate: Historical Aircraft Accident Reports (1934-1965)→ 1962→ American Airlines)
  3. "Disasters: Tragedy in Jamaica Bay". Time. March 9, 1962. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  4. "Tides Hampering Hunt for Victims" (PDF). The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, WA. AP. March 2, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2009. (plaintext)
  5. "95 Are Believed Dead in Crash of Jet Airliner" (PDF). The Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. AP. March 1, 1962. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved November 22, 2009. (plaintext)
  6. "Flight Recorder of Ill-Fated Plane Found" (PDF). Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, FL. AP. March 9, 1962. p. 7. Retrieved November 22, 2009. (plaintext)
  7. Mears, Walter R. (June 13, 1962). "Lost Bolt May Have Caused Crash" (PDF). The Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. AP. p. 8. Retrieved November 20, 2009. (plaintext)
  8. "CAB Blames Jet Crash on Short Circuit" (PDF). Eugene Register-Guard. Eugene, OR. AP. January 15, 1963. p. 1. Retrieved November 21, 2009. (plaintext)
  9. "CAB Blames Tweezers for 95-Death Crash" (PDF). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. AP. January 16, 1963. p. 2. Retrieved November 21, 2009. (plaintext)
  10. "American Airlines 1". FlightAware. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  11. "Noted Men Lose Lives In Crash" (PDF). The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, WA. AP. March 2, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2009. (plaintext)
  12. "Episode 2: Flight 1 ." AMC TV. Retrieved on January 29, 2012.
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