Ambazone

Ambazon was patented in 1957 by Bayer under the trade name Iversal, and briefly used in Germany. It is still used in Russia, countries of the former Soviet Union, Poland[2] and Romania. It has not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Ambazone[1]

Names
IUPAC name [4-(2-(Diaminomethylidene)hydrazinyl)phenyl]iminothiourea
Other names 2-[4-[(aminoiminomethyl)hydrazono]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-Hydrazinecarbothioamide; (4-Oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylideneamino)guanidine thiosemicarbazone; 1,4-Benzoquinone amidinohydrazone thiosemicarbazone; Ambazon; Anginon; Benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone; Faringosept; Guanothiazon; Inversal; Inversal; Ivertol; N-Guanidino-N'-thioureido-p-benzoquinonediimide; Primal; p-Benzoquinone amidinohydrazone thiosemicarbazone;Faringosept (TN); Ambazone (INN); OAMBAZONE; Ambazonum [INN-Latin]; Ambazona [INN-Spanish]; Ambazone [INN:BAN:DCF]; CCRIS 1926; MLS001240207
Identifiers
CAS Number	539-21-9
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL2103762
ChemSpider	12232507
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.922
EC Number	208-713-0
KEGG	D07376
PubChem CID	1549158
UNII	BYK4592A3Q
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3046407
InChI InChI=1S/C8H11N7S/c9-7(10)14-12-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)13-15-8(11)16/h1-4H,(H4,9,10,14)(H3,11,15,16)/b12-5-,13-6+ Key: MLMFUKWWZIZRHX-UWRPRBHNSA-N InChI=1/C8H11N7S/c9-7(10)14-12-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)13-15-8(11)16/h1-4H,(H4,9,10,14)(H3,11,15,16)/b12-5-,13-6+ Key: MLMFUKWWZIZRHX-UWRPRBHNBF
SMILES NC(=S)N\N=C1\C=C/C(=N\NC(N)=N)/C=C1
Properties
Chemical formula	C8H11N7S
Molar mass	237.28 g/mol
Appearance	Dark Brown Powder
Solubility in water	0.2 mg/100 ml water
Pharmacology
ATC code	R02AA01 (WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Ambazone is an oral antiseptic.

Synthesis

Ambazone can be obtained in a two step synthetic method, reacting 1,4-benzoquinone with aminoguanidine and thiosemicarbazide.[3][4]

Obtaining a pharmaceutical grade material is difficult due to high amounts of by-products, synthetic intermediates and decomposition products.[5]

Applications

Bacteriostatic action on hemolytic streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci.

Physical properties

Through experimental testing ambazone has shown antiseptic properties, along with anti-tumor properties. Ambazone has the following physical characteristics.

Table 1. Physical properties
Dark brown
Odorless
Tasteless
Powder
Melting Point 192–194 °C (decomp.)[6]

Table 2. Solubility	per 100 ml
Water	0.2 mg
Methanol	0.5 mg
Chloroform	0.3 mg
1-butanol	6.5 mg
Ethyl acetate	17 mg
Acetone	50 mg
Ethanol	85 mg
Dimethyl formamide	1.7 g
sulfoxide	2.5 g

Table 3. Uv-Vis	nm
Water	403
Alcohols	440-445
Ethyl acetate	453
Dimethyl sulfoxide	467

Ambazone is prepared by way of solid based crystallization or grinding.

Mode of action

The mode of action for ambazone has been studied extensively and has been shown to react via different methods. Ambazone shows low mutagenic activity and no cardiovascular, CNS, metabolic, or gastrointestinal side-effects with I.V. doses up to 10-5 mol/kg and oral doses up to 10-3 mol/kg. Ambazone can be administered via oral or I.V. administration, but the problem with oral administration is that one experimental study shows there is only a 35–50% absorption while another study shows 40% in the intestines; These results would tend to lead the reader to think that ambazone would not be the best choice for treatment, because with such a low absorbance, there is going to have to be a greater concentration ingested to gain a positive effect from the drug. The problem with a greater concentration is that ambazone has a half-life of 6–7 hours. It was stated above that ambazone possess no CNS side-effects due to the fact, that it will not cross the blood brain barrier. Although this is the body’s way of protecting unwanted substances from attacking the brain, this also limits the treatment of brain tumors with ambazone.

Research

The therapeutic properties of ambazone were studied in lab rats and the therapeutic dose was determined to be 60–125 mg/kg of body weight. As stated above, ambazone possesses anti-septic properties shown by its increased activity against gram-positive cocci. Along with anti-septic properties, ambazone has also shown its ability to fight forms of leukemia in lab rats. When administered orally the results showed prolongation of life expectancy and curing of L1210 and P388 leukemia in lab rats. Scientist used different methods to determine the results, such as; mean survival time (MST), percent increase of life span, survival rates, percent change in body weights and number of peritoneal cells. When testing ambazone via AMES with no metabolic activation we find there are no mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. When the same test is performed with metabolic activation or when the C-Test is performed we do see the potential for mutagenicity. The results show two different paths and until further testing has been performed we cannot determine if the good outweighs the bad when it comes to using ambazone for treatment.

References

1. Ambazone
2. https://bazalekow.mp.pl/lek/54002,Faringosept-tabletki#effect
3. Patent DE965723: Verfahren zur Herstellung von ondensationsprodukten. Angemeldet am 31. Januar 1953, veröffentlicht am 19. Juni 1957, Anmelder: Bayer AG, Erfinder: Siegfried Petersen, Gerhard Domagk.
4. A. Kleemann, J. Engel, B. Kutscher, D. Reichert: Pharmaceutical Substances - Synthesis, Patents, Applications, 4. Auflage (2001) Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart, ISBN 978-1-58890-031-9.
5. "Patent WO 2005/028431". Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
6. Marshall Sittig: Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia. -- 3rd ed. 2007 p. 215