Allegorical representations of Argentina
There are various allegorical representations of Argentina or associated in any way with Argentina. There is not, however, a national personification with its own name, like Marianne from France, or Hispania from Spain, but sculptures and engravings representing liberty, republic, fatherland or other concepts that have been used officially by the Argentine state.
Sculptures
Despite the absence of a character with fixed characteristics, the allegory of Argentina usually is a female figure dressed in robes and wearing a Phrygian cap. Figures such as these appear in dozens of engravings, reliefs, plaques, paintings, memorials and sculptures, such as the equestrians ones to General Urquiza, Bernardo de O'Higgins or Garibaldi, the "Monumento de los Españoles", to the Coast Guards, to Avellaneda (all in Buenos Aires) to San Martin (La Plata), Alberdi (Tucumán), to the Army of the Andes in "Glory Hill" (Mendoza) or the Monument to the fallen soldiers in the Falklands War of the city of Necochea, to name just a few. It regularly appeared in official memorabilia for the Centenary celebrations, as well as a prominent decorative feature in state buildings and logos of government departments at the turn of the century.
May Pyramid
The May Pyramid was remodeled in 1856 under the artistic direction of Prilidiano Pueyrredón who commissioned the French artist Joseph Dubourdieu to build what the press of that period defined "a colossal statue of Liberty".[1] Inaugurated a few days before the anniversary of May Revolution, the statue represents a figure very similar to the representation of the goddess Athena, crowned with a Phrygian cap, armed with a spear in one hand and an Argentine shield as a defense in the other one.[2] Although most sources mention the statue as an allegory of Liberty, in a publication of the Historic and Numismatic Museum of the Central Bank of Argentina, is considered an allegory of the Republic.[2]
Bust in the White Hall
Chairing the White Hall in the Casa Rosada, where traditional ceremonies and important announcements related to the executive branch are made, a bust of a woman with thick hair and the Coat of Arms of Argentina as a brooch in her chest is located. The work, done by Italian sculptor Ettore Ximenes, is entitled "The Republic", but others consider it a bust of "Homeland".[5]
Mausoleum of General San Martín
In 1880, the remains of General José de San Martín were brought from France and placed in a mausoleum inside the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral. The black sarcophagus is guarded by three life-size female figures that represent Argentina, Chile and Peru, three of the regions freed by the General.
Monetary emissions
The first representation of an allegorical figure to appear on Argentine banknotes was the goddess Athena (historical symbol of Athenian democracy), commissioned by the National Bank of the United Provinces of Río de la Plata during the Cisplatine War. The Greek goddess also appeared in banknotes issued by the National Bank during the governorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas in the Buenos Aires Province. However, the first figure to transmit a sense of regionality is displayed in a series of banknotes printed by Britain and emitted by the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires in 1867, where a young woman is seen holding a shovel in her left hand and a shepherd's crook in her right hand (representations of agriculture and animal husbandry, respectively).
In some of the first peso moneda nacional banknotes, various unidentified female figures showing her legs or her chest appear, "as the seductive image of a State that attracts citizens via women". The monetary reorganization, that begun during the first presidency of Julio Argentino Roca, imposed the use of designs which were developed as to have a greater permanence in time. Two allegorical figures present in the first unified issues of currency and banknotes, the Bust of Liberty and the Effigy of Progress, would be recurring in later releases.
Bust of Liberty
One of the most recurrent figures in Argentine currency is the Effigy of Liberty by the French artist Eugène André Oudiné, which shows the profile of a woman with a serene face, abundant hair loose to the wind and a Phrygian cap. Oudiné carved his Effigy of Liberty in 1881, by order of the engineer Eduardo Castilla, first president of the Casa de Moneda, to illustrate the reverse of the coins of the peso moneda nacional, whose creation was enacted that same year to unify the monetary system of country. The Liberty of Oudiné was present in monetary emissions without interruption until 1942, when it was replaced by a modern bust made in 1940 by French sculptor Lucien Bazor. However, it reappears in the emission of 1957, and is present in subsequent designs of peso ley, peso argentino and austral.
A slightly different version appears on the banknotes of fifty cents m$n, in circulation between 1942 and 1960. This effigy can be compared with the design of Oudiné, and considered inspired by Liberty Leading the People. The Liberty of Oudiné also appears in the logo of the Central Bank of Argentina, and the former company Gas del Estado. It is also used in the seals of the Internal Revenue law present in cigarette packs.
Effigy of Progress
Another common allegorical figure, in this on banknotes, is an Effigy of Progress which features a woman sitting, holding an Argentine shield with one hand and a lighted torch with the other. The design, which is usually attributed to the French writer Louis-Eugène Mouchon was carried out for illustrating the front of the peso moneda nacional banknotes as a result of Act. 3505 of 1897, which authorized the Caja de Conversión to renew and unify all paper currencies in the period. The Effigy of Progress would be present in all series of banknotes by the Caja de Conversión from 1899 until 1935, when it was replaced by the Central Bank of Argentina, and will not be replaced until 1942, when the Central Bank made its first series of banknotes. The same figure, surrounded by laurels, reappears half a century later on the back of all austral banknotes.
Apart from being identified with Progress, whose formalization is posterior, the figure was initially interpreted as an Effigy of the Republic.
Bicentennial celebrations
During the festivities and celebrations of the Argentine bicentennial, the young actresses Josefina Torino and Ivanna Carrizo interpreted the figure of Homeland.[6] The artists were inspired by several sculptures, including the statue of the Republic on the frontispiece of the Museo Histórico Sarmiento.[7] The production looked specifically for two actresses with mestizo features, as a way to include indigenous peoples in Argentina in the representation[8]
Gallery
Painting on canvas on the ceiling of the White Hall in the Casa Rosada with allegories of the May Revolution and the Declaration of Independence- La repubblica Argentina, 1900 by Ettore Ximenes
The Liberty of Oudiné in the logo for the Central Bank of Argentina
The same figure was used for the logo of Gas del Estado
This 1890 allegoric drawing depicts the friendship between the Argentine Republic and the newly formed Brazilian Republic
Allegoric sculpture of the Republic in the Museo Histórico Sarmiento
Representation of Homeland during the festivities of the Bicentennial of May Revolution
Sculpture representing Argentina in the Mausoleum of General Don José de San Martín
Argentine Panorama magazine, published in 1910 as part of the Centennial's commemorations of May Revolution.
References
- El Historiador: La Pirámide de Mayo, available at http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/frases/revolucion/piramide_de_mayo.php Archived 2010-12-27 at the Wayback Machine. Consulted on February 27, 2011.
- Banco Central de la República Argentina: La escultura en las monedas y billetes de la República Argentina, available at http://www.bcra.gov.ar/pdfs/institucional/LaEsculturaMonedasyBilletes.pdf. Consulted on February 27, 2011.
- Correo Oficial de la República Argentina: Emisiones - 2007, available at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2011-04-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Consulted on March 6, 2011.
- Museo Roca: Homenaje a los presidentes Roca, Uriburu y Sáenz Peña, p. 3, available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-04-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). Consulted on March 6, 2011.
- Presidencia de la Nación Argentina: Casa Rosada - Puntos de interés, available at http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/index.php?Itemid=75&id=135&option=com_content&task=view. Consulted on March 6, 2011.
- "Ivanna y Josefina, las mujeres que por un día fueron la Patria", Clarín, 27/05/2010. Consulted on 26/02/2011.
- "Ivanna Carrizo y Josefina Torino fueron "la Patria" del 25 de Mayo Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine", Perfil, 29/05/2010. Consulted on 26/02/2011.
- "ADN wichi y diaguita en nuestras Patria-voladoras Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine", Miradas al Sur, 30/05/2010. Consulted on 26/02/2011.