Abu Ali al-Anbari

Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli (Arabic: عبد الرحمن مصطفى القادولي‎ 1957 or 1959 – c. 25 March 2016), better known by his noms de guerre Abu Ala al-Afri (Arabic: أبو علاء العفري‎) and Abu Ali al-Anbari (Arabic: أبو علي الأنباري‎), was the governor for territories held by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria. Considered the ISIL second-in-command (along with Abu Muslim al-Turkmani, his counterpart in Iraq),[3] he was viewed as a potential successor of ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli
Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli[1]
Birth nameAbdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli
Born1957 or 1959[2]
Nineveh, Iraq
Diedc. 25 March 2016
Eastern Syria
AllegianceAl-Qaeda
(1998–2013)
ISIL
(April 2013 – March 2016)
Years of service1990s–2016
RankDeputy leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria
Battles/warsWar on Terror

Iraq

Syria

Military intervention against ISIL

On 14 May 2014, he was listed as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist by the U.S Treasury Department, and on 5 May 2015, the U.S. Department of State announced a reward of up to US$7 million for information leading to his capture or death.[4][5]

On 25 March 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense announced al-Qaduli’s death as a result of a US Special Operations helicopter gunship raid conducted earlier that week.[6]

Names

Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli used at least seven aliases, including Abu Ali al-Anbari, Abu Alaa al-Afri, Abu Jasim al-Iraqi, Abu Umar Qurdash, Abu Ali Qurdash al-Turkmani, Hajji Iman and al-Dar Islami.[7][8][9] The Daily Beast reported that confusion caused by these aliases led Iraqi and American security officials to think that Abu Ali al-Anbari and Abu Ala al-Afri were separate senior ISIL leaders.[7]

Biography

Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli is believed to have been born in 1957 (or 1959) in Al-Hadar, Nineveh, 80 km south of Mosul, to an Iraqi Turkmen family.[10] He was a physics teacher in the mostly Turkmen city of Tal Afar, Iraq and a imam, who had been preaching Salafi Islam since the 1980s.[7] According to his IS biography, he was descended from the Quraysh.

Afghanistan

Al-Qaduli was believed to have travelled to Afghanistan in 1998 and trained with al-Qaeda. It was here he was said to have earned the trust and respect of Osama bin Laden.[11]

Iraq

In 2000, he moved from Afghanistan to the area of Iraqi Kurdistan under control by Ansar al-Islam.[12] He fled to Afghanistan following the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[12] only to return in the summer of 2003[12] to the Sulaymaniyah province of Iraqi Kurdistan. He soon started his own Islamist insurgent group, Saraya al-Jihad (Squadrons of Jihad or the Jihad Squads), which was active around Tal Afar. During this time he was part of a group along with Abu Muslim al-Turkmani who lead the military training. He later became member of Ansar al-Islam.[3]

Ansar al-Islam evolved into Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna and Qaduli was a sharia authority in this group. According to his biography, Qaduli was responsible for arranging a meeting between Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i, leader of Ansar al-Sunnah and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, then leader of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad. The meeting was to discuss a merger, which Shafi declined on the pretense of needing to ask his soldiers. Qaduli pledged allegiance to Zarqawi and most of the members of Ansar al-Sunnah followed him in doing so. Soon after this, he was briefly arrested in late 2003 or early 2004, but was freed after a few months since authorities were not aware of his importance.[3][12]

Al-Qaeda in Iraq

Following his allegiance to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2004, and joining Al-Qaida in Iraq, he was responsible for overseeing the Sharia authorities in northern Iraq and serving as al-Zarqawi's local leader in Mosul.[13]

He is often said that he was one of the founding members of the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) which was formed by al-Zarqawi in January 2006, but in fact he was elected the leader of the MSC under the pseudonym Abu Abdullah Rashid al-Baghdadi.[12]

In February 2006, he traveled to Pakistan on behalf of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to meet with leaders of al-Qaeda and explain to them the reality of the situation in Iraq and disprove the allegations issued by the leaders of Ansar al-Sunnah who had been criticising Zarqawi to Atiyah Abd al-Rahman.[12]

According to the Islamic State's newsletter, al-Naba, he was arrested on 16 April 2006 in Yusufiya during Operation Larchwood 4 and was imprisoned at Abu Ghraib prison for a second time. The Americans believed him to be the emir of Tal Afar but were unaware of his true status. While imprisoned, Qaduli mentored Manaf Abd al-Rahim al-Rawi and Huthaifa al-Batawi, who went on to become governors of Baghdad for the group.[12]

Islamic State of Iraq

When al-Zarqawi's successors, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri were killed in a joint U.S-Iraqi raid in 2010, the Islamic State of Iraq had to choose a new successor. According to Al-Monitor, Osama bin Laden wanted al-Qaduli to become the group's new leader.[14] Islamic State sources confirmed that Osama bin Laden appointed Abu Ali al-Anbari to lead ISI, but affirm that his instruction came too late, two weeks after a pledge had already been made to make Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi the leader.

Islamic State sources affirm that he was in charge of coordinating day-to-day military operations of the Islamic State in al-Sham. He was seen as a gifted speaker and served as a Sharii, and while he was in Raqqa, he gave a series of recorded lectures (over than 40 hours) at al-Imam al-Nawawi Mosque, that summarize the Aqida of the Islamic State and attempted to break down the arguments of man-made constitutions and laws, parliaments, courts, and democratic norms like devolution of power and popular sovereignty. One of his lectures was included in the 19th episode of the “Messages from the Land of Epic Battles” series by al-Furqan Media Foundation.[15]

Syrian Civil War and ISIL

In early 2012, al-Qaduli was released from prison in Iraq, after which he rejoined the Islamic State of Iraq only a few days after his release. His first task was to establish communications with the various al-Qaeda affiliates around the world, which had been broken due to the security circumstances the group faced. The leaders of al-Qaeda had criticized the Islamic State of Iraq and ISI leaders believed that was due to their ignorance of the situation on the ground.[16]

During late 2012, al-Qaduli was sent to Syria to keep an eye on Abu Mohammad al-Julani and investigate the situation there, since Julani was failing to follow IS policy in various respects and had been building up his own power base in an attempt to split Jabhat al-Nusra from ISI. Qaduli sent messengers and held meetings with field commanders of various Syrian rebel groups, offering them money and weapons to switch allegiance to ISIL. Some did so publicly, defecting with men and weapons, others did so in secret, remaining affiliated with their existing groups while organizing the targeted assassinations of rivals.[17] Memory sticks found by Iraqi security forces during a 2014 raid on the home of Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, ISIL's military chief of staff, identified al-Qaduli, named as Abu Ali al-Anbari, as being the overall head of ISIL military and non-military operations within Syria.[18][19]

According to his IS biography, at first Qaduli was not overly concerned by Julani since he "thought well of him, and thought the reports about him were the pure quarrels of a kind that occur between soldiers and their leaders." He later "saw with his own eyes the errors in the conduct of the work, and the deviation that was common among the soldiers and the leaders" due to a "neglect of shari’a education and training". Despite this, Qaduli felt that these mistakes could be remedied by more effort, and so he decided to live in the same house as Julani to "study his personality, and to assess his ability to lead." In January 2013, Qaduli sent a message to IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in Iraq, warning him about Julani. He wrote "He is a sneaky person with two faces. He loves himself and does not care about the religion of his soldiers. He is willing to sacrifice their blood just so he is mentioned in the media. He flies with joy like a children when his name is mentioned on the TV channels." Upon receiving the letter from Qaduli, Baghdadi decided to travel to Syria himself to try and correct the situation. In March 2013 there was a meeting between Qaduli, Baghdadi, Julani, Abu Maria al-Qahtani and some others where Julani cried and promised he would renew his allegiance to Baghdadi. Through this deception Julani hoped to buy time to split the organisation, through Baghdadi was not deceived.

While in Syria, he was responsible for the Shari’a Council and a member of the Delegated Committee in Syria. He also worked to build the Dawawin or ministries of the new state. Sometime after the June 2014 Fall of Mosul, Qaduli decided to return to Tel Afar in Iraq where participated in battles around the city and near Sinjar against the Yazidis and the Kurdistan Workers' Party. Some time later, he moved to Mosul and returned to government work on the Islamic Monetary Project, introducing the new gold currency of the Islamic State.[20]

Al-Qaduli is rumoured to have favoured reconciliation with al-Qaeda and its Syrian affiliate Al-Nusra Front, after al-Qaeda cut off ties with ISIL in early 2014. He also reportedly believed ISIL's leadership should be composed of both Arabs and foreigners, in contrast to the dominance of Iraqis in the group.[13][21]

Al-Qaduli was a key coordination link between al-Baghdadi and his inner circle and his emirs in different provinces across the group's territory in Syria, Iraq and Libya.[13] The New York Times reported in November 2015 that al-Qaduli had visited Libya, where ISIL had established a powerful branch centered in the city of Sirte.[22]

In March 2015, it was rumoured that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of ISIL, had suffered injuries, leaving him incapacitated.[23] Hisham al-Hashimi wrote of al-Qaduli: "He is smart, and a good leader and administrator. If Baghdadi ends up dying, he will lead them."[13] According to The New York Observer, al-Qaduli was described by people who knew him as being dynamic, possessing operational experience and having very good contacts. It was reported that he was a charismatic preacher. But most importantly, al-Qaduli supposedly excelled in battle strategy. That is where he made his mark both in al-Qaeda and in ISIL.[11]

Reports of death

According to the Iraqi Defence Ministry, Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli was killed on 12 May 2015, in a US-led coalition airstrike on a mosque in Tal Afar. The airstrike was reported to have killed dozens of other militants present.[24] However, the video of the attack shown by the Iraqi Defence ministry was actually of a Coalition airstrike in Mosul, 40 miles away, on 4 May.[25] The U.S. Defense Department said that it had no information to corroborate the claims, and United States Central Command stated that no mosques had been struck by Coalition aircraft.[26][27] The Iraqi media again reported al-Qaduli’s death in a 12 December 2015 airstrike,[28] but this was also disputed.[29]

Confirmed death

United States Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter, in a joint media briefing with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Joseph Dunford on 25 March 2016, announced al-Qaduli's death,[30] correcting earlier erroneous claims.

US Special Operations forces commanded by JSOC arrived via helicopter to arrest al-Qaduli in eastern Syria near the Syrian–Iraqi border, while he and three other ISIL members were travelling in a vehicle coming from Raqqa. The US Special Operations forces ordered him to exit the vehicle. When he refused and pulled out an assault rifle instead, US forces fired at the vehicle, killing him and the other passengers on board. US commandos also seized electronics and other documents during the operation for intelligence purposes.[31] On 30 April 2016, ISIL acknowledged al-Qaduli's death and launched a series of attacks across Iraq and Syria named "The Battle of Abu Ali Al Anbari" in his honour.[32]

References
  1. "Profiles of wanted 'Islamic State leaders'". BBC News. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518171235/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/abd_al_qaduli.html
  3. "Brutal Efficiency: The Secret to Islamic State's Success". Wall Street Journal. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  4. "Treasury Designates Al-Qa'ida Leaders In Syria". U.S Department of the Treasury. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  5. "Offers for Information on Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Terrorists Rewards for Justice". U.S Department of State. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  6. "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says". The New York Times. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  7. "Everything We Knew About This ISIS Mastermind Was Wrong". The Daily Beast. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  8. "Islamic State Second-in-Command Killed in Airstrike, Iraq Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 May 2016. (subscription required)
  9. "Pentagon announces death of senior Islamic State leader". Long War Journal. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Abd al Rahman Mustafa al Qaduli (also known as Hajji Iman, Abu Ali al Anbari and Abu Ala al Afri, among other aliases)
  10. "Isis: Who was Abu Alaa al-Afri, the Islamic State kingpin killed in Iraq?". International Business Times UK. 15 May 2015.
  11. "The Next bin Laden? Meet ISIS' New Top Dog". Observer. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  12. Orton, Kyle (25 March 2016). "Obituary: Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli (Abu Ali al-Anbari)". The Syrian Intifada.
  13. Jack Moore (22 April 2015). "ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher". Newsweek. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  14. "The many names of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". Al-Monitor. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli". Rewards for Justice. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  17. "Behind the Black Flag: The Recruitment of an ISIS Killer". The New York Times. 21 December 2015.
  18. "Revealed: the Islamic State 'cabinet', from finance minister to suicide bomb deployer". The Telegraph. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  19. "Who might lead ISIS if al-Baghdadi dies?". CNN. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  20. KyleWOrton (18 December 2016). "The Islamic State's Official Biography of the Caliph's Deputy".
  21. "The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein's". The Washington Post. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  22. "ISIS' Grip on Libyan City Gives It a Fallback Option". The New York Times. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  23. "Isis leader incapacitated with suspected spinal injuries after air strike". The Guardian. 2 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  24. Barbara Starr; Nick Paton Walsh; Hamdi Alkhshali (13 May 2015). "ISIS' No. 2 leader Abu Alaa al-Afri killed, Iraq says". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
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  26. "Correction to the Record: Airstrike in Tal Afar". CENTCOM. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  27. Barbara Starr; Nick Paton Walsh; Hamdi Alkhshali (14 May 2015). "ISIS No. 2 leader al-Afri killed in airstrike, Iraq says". CNN. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  28. Salar Qassim (12 December 2015). "Baghdadi's advisor killed in Iraqi raid". aranews.net. Archived from the original on 2015-12-16. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  29. Philip Ingram. "Middle East Regional Intelligence to 16th December 2015". Security Middle East. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  30. "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, Pentagon Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  31. Kesling, Ben; Entous, Adam; Paletta, Damian (25 March 2016). "Senior Islamic State Leader Killed". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  32. "Series of deadly operations named after fallen Islamic State leader". Long War Journal. 2 May 2016.
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