Abortion in Kansas

Abortion in Kansas is legal. 49% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. An abortion may be performed at 20 or more weeks postfertilization (22 weeks after the last menstrual period) only in cases of life or severely compromised physical health. This law is based on the assertion that a fetus can feel pain at that point in pregnancy. The state also had detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement by 2007.  Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics were in place by 2013. In 2015, Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure. State laws about abortion have been challenged at the Kansas Supreme Court and US Supreme Court level.

The number of abortion clinics in the state has been declining in recent years, going from 23 in 1982 to fifteen in 1992 to four in 2014.  There were 7,219 legal abortions in 2014, and 6,931 in 2015. Almost half were obtained by out-of-state residents. The state has seen anti-abortion rights violence, including the kidnapping of a doctor in 1982 and the killing of Doctor George Tiller in 2009.

Terminology
Main article: Abortion
See also: Definitions of abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the induced abortion of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The terms elective abortion and voluntary abortion are defined by Williams Obstetrics as "the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons."[1]

Pro-life advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] The terms "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[7]

Context
See also: Abortion in the United States

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[8] The study singled out Oklahoma, Mississippi and Kansas as being the most restrictive states that year, followed by Arkansas and Indiana for second in terms of abortion restrictions, and Florida, Arizona and Alabama in third for most restrictive state abortion requirements.[8]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a women's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[9] According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states with legislation seeking to protect a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[9]

History

Legislative history

In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[10]

In 1997, the Kansas legislature passed the Woman's Right to Know Act, which required, except in the case of a medical emergency, a 24-period between the time that the woman is informed in writing of legally-required information and the abortion.[11] The state passed a law in the 2000s banning abortions before 22 weeks based on the theory that a fetus can feel pain at that point in development.[12] The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[13] Some states, including Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer, and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings.[14][15] In 2013, state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.[16] An anti-abortion bill was introduced and referred to committee in February 2013. The bill was presented to the Kansas House in March 2013.[17] The bill was known as House Bill 2324, "An act prohibiting an abortion of an unborn human individual with a detectable fetal heartbeat."[18] One outspoken advocate of such bills is Mark Gietzen, who tried to gather as many signatures as possible in order to get then-Governor Sam Brownback to convene a special session of Congress in order to consider the bill.[19] Gietzen also advocated for a fetal heartbeat law to be passed during a special session of the Kansas legislature, to be held on September 3, 2013.[20] HB 2324 died in committee in May 2014.[17] Kansas lawmakers approved sweeping anti-abortion legislation (HB 2253) on April 6, 2013 that says life begins at fertilization, forbids abortion based on gender and bans Planned Parenthood from providing sex education in schools.[21] The state was one of six that tried to ban abortions in 2013.[22] The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a fetal heartbeat bill in 2014.[22]

In 2015, Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure.[23] But the new law was later struck down by the Kansas Court of Appeals in January 2016 without ever having gone into effect.[24] In April 2019, the Kansas Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, and ruled that the right to abortion is inherent within the state's constitution and bill of rights, such that even if Roe v. Wade is overturned and the federal protection of abortion rights is withdrawn, the right would still be allowed within Kansas, barring a change in the state constitution.[25] In mid-May 2019, state law banned abortion after week 22.[26] In 2019, women in Kansas were eligible for pregnancy accommodation and pregnancy-related temporary disability as a result of abortion or miscarriage if their employer had four or more employees.  Employers were required to offer unpaid leave upon request and employees could not be punished for requesting it.[27][28]

The Value Them Both Amendment

In response to the 2019 Kansas Supreme Court ruling, on January 29, 2020, the Kansas Senate passed SCR 1613, a proposition to add the Value Them Both Amendment to the state constitution.[29] The Value Them Both Amendment would overturn the 2019 Kansas Supreme Court ruling, stating that "the constitution of the state of Kansas does not require government funding of abortion and does not create or secure a right to abortion"(SCR 1613). On February 7, 2020, the proposed amendment failed to reach the need two-thirds majority vote in the Kansas House of Representatives.[29]

On January 22, 2021, the Kansas House of Representatives passed HCR 5003, a new proposition to add the Value Them Both Amendment to the state constitution.[30] Six days later on Jan. 28, the Kansas Senate passed the Amendment.[31] The proposed amendment will be voted upon in a referendum on August 2, 2022.[32]

The Concurrent Resolution proposed "to amend the bill of rights of the constitution of the state of Kansas by adding a new section thereto stating that there is no constitutional right to abortion, and reserving to the people the ability to regulate abortion through the elected members of the legislature of the state of Kansas."(HCR 5003)

The full text of the Value Them Both Amendment states:

"Because Kansans value both women and children, the constitution of the state of Kansas does not require government funding of abortion and does not create or secure a right to abortion. To the extent permitted by the constitution of the United States, the people, through their elected state representatives and state senators, may pass laws regarding abortion, including, but not limited to, in circumstances of pregnancy resulting from rape or incest, or when necessary to save the life of the mother."(HCR 5003)

The ballot would include the following explanation:

"The Value Them Both Amendment would affirm there is no Kansas constitutional right to abortion or to require the government funding of abortion, and would reserve to the people of Kansas, through their elected state legislators, the right to pass laws to regulate abortion, including, but not limited to, in circumstances of pregnancy resulting from rape or incest, or when necessary to save the life of the mother. A vote for the Value Them Both Amendment would affirm there is no Kansas constitutional right to abortion or to require the government funding of abortion, and would reserve to the people of Kansas, through their elected state legislators, the right to pass laws to regulate abortion. A vote against the Value Them Both Amendment would make no changes to the constitution of the state of Kansas, and could restrict the people, through their elected state legislators, from regulating abortion by leaving in place the recently recognized right to abortion."(HCR 5003)

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[10] In 1983's Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft, the US Supreme Court said the state could require two doctors be present when a third-trimester abortion was being performed and that the abortion providers for third-trimester abortions could be required to submit a pathology report to the state. The US Supreme Court did allow for only one doctor in the case of an emergency.[10] In 2018, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled on the state's 2015 abortion ban.[33]

Clinic history
Number of abortion clinics in Kansas by year
See also: Abortion clinic

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by eight, going from 23 in 1982 to fifteen in 1992.[34] In 2014, there were four abortion clinics in the state.[35] In 2014, 97% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 56% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[36] In 2017, there were two Planned Parenthood clinics in a state with a population of 644,117 women aged 15 – 49 of which two offered abortion services.[37]

In 2013, Julie Burkhart opened a clinic in Wichita called Trust Women Wichita, part of Trust Women Foundation. Burkhart was a colleague of the murdered Dr. George Tiller, and by 2013 she had taken over Tiller's clinic following his murder.[38] Because of state law, providing abortions to women in the area added costs, both financial and time, for both the clinic and women seeking abortions.[38][39]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, there were zero recorded illegal abortion deaths in the state.[40] In 1990, 276,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[34] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions.[41] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 270 total abortions, fifty abortions for black women aged 15–19, sixty abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and forty abortions for women of all other races.[42] In 2014, 49% of adults said in a poll of 307 Kansans by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[43]

In 2016, Fort Hays State University's Kansas Speaks survey reported from a sample size of 1,043 that 26% of respondents opposed abortion in all situations, 38% were in favor of abortion is some situations, 8% were in favor of abortion in most situations, and 29% said abortion should be permitted for any woman that chooses it.[44]

Kansas Speaks Survey: "In which of the following situations would you support abortion?"[44]
Yes No
When the mother's life is in danger (n=440) 96% 4%
In instances of rape (n=428) 86% 14%
In instances of incest (n=428) 86% 15%
When there is evidence that the fetus will have serious future health problems (n=406) 65% 35%
When the mother cannot afford a baby (n=436) 14% 86%


In a 2018-Midterms Voter Analysis by Fox News, using survey data from the National Opinion Research Center and The Associated Press with 929 respondents, 19% of those surveyed said abortion should be legal in all cases, 35% said abortion should be legal in most cases, 32% said abortion should be illegal in most cases, and 14% said abortion should be illegal in all cases. In the same analysis, with 3,905 respondents, 4% said abortion was the most important issue facing the country, of which in the Kansas gubernatorial election, 82% voted for Republican candidate Kris Kobach, 14% voted for Democratic candidate Laura Kelley, 2% voted for independent candidate Greg Orman, and 2% voted for another candidate.

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[45]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
West North Central57,34048,53048,66014.311.911.9–16
Iowa6,9706,0405,78011.49.89.4–17
Kansas12,57010,31010,63022.418.318.9–16
Minnesota16,18014,91014,66015.614.213.9–11
Missouri13,51010,54010,81011.68.99.1–21
Nebraska5,5804,3604,46015.712.112.3–22
North Dakota1,4901,3301,29010.79.69.4–13
South Dakota1,0401,0401,0306.86.66.5–4
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

 YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Kansas3,7796.7967,21912.918449.62014[46]
Kansas3,6376.5936,93112.4177492015[47]
Kansas 3,484 6.2 92 6,790 12.2 178 49.8 2016 [48]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births


Abortion rights views and activities
Women's March Topeka, KS 2017
Women's March Topeka, KS 2017

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[49]

Pro-life views and activities

Activities

In 1983, Kansans for Life was formed.[50] In 1991 in Wichita, Operation Rescue blockaded 3 abortion clinics over a 6-week period as part of an effort they called the "Summer of Mercy."[51] This was one of three large pro-life protests that received extensive media coverage.[51]

Violence
See also: Assassination of George Tiller

In August 1982, three men identifying as the Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos, a doctor and clinic owner, and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days and released them unharmed.[52] In 1993, Shelly Shannon, an Army of God member, admitted to the attempted murder of Dr. George Tiller.[53][51][54][55] Law enforcement officials found the Army of God Manual, a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions, and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard.[52]

Dr. George Tiller was shot and killed by Scott Roeder on May 31, 2009 as Tiller served as an usher at a church in Wichita, Kansas.[56][51][54][57] Witnesses said that Roeder walked up and put a gun to Tiller's head before shooting him.[54] As a consequence of his death, his family closed the clinic where he performed abortions. The murder was one of the first occasions in the United States where a clinic closed as a result of an abortion clinic related murder.[51]

Footnotes
  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".

References
  1. Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"". AMA Journal of Ethics. 20: E1175-1180. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. PMID 30585581. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1).
  3. "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review.
  6. "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  7. Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  8. Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  9. "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  10. Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  11. "Compilation of Provisions of the Kansas Statutes Annotated Related to Health Care Providers".
  12. Times, The New York. "Abortion Restrictions in States". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  13. "STATE POLICY ON INFORMED CONSENT FOR ABORTION" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. "Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  15. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials". 25 October 2006.
  16. "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  17. "HB 2324". kslegislature.org.
  18. "HOUSE BILL No. 2324" (PDF). www.kslegislature.org. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  19. "Kansas groups push stricter abortion limits". kansas. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  20. "Kansas abortion group sees opportunity in special session - BaldwinCity.com". baldwincity.com.
  21. News, U. S. "Kansas lawmakers pass sweeping anti-abortion legislation". U.S. News.
  22. Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  23. Kansas governor signs nation's 1st ban on abortion procedure - Yahoo News. News.yahoo.com (2015-04-07). Retrieved on 2015-04-12.
  24. Alter, Charlotte. "Kansas Court Strikes Down Second-Trimester Abortion Ban". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  25. Margolies, Dan; Llopis-Jepsen, Celia (April 26, 2019). "Kansas Supreme Court Rules State Constitution Protects Right To Abortion". NPR. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  26. Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  27. "U.S. Department of Labor - Employment Protection For Workers Who Are Pregnant Or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  28. "Employment Protections For Workers Who Are Pregnant or Nursing". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  29. "SCR 1613 | Bills and Resolutions | Kansas State Legislature". kslegislature.org. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  30. "Bills and Resolutions | Kansas State Legislature". www.kslegislature.org. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  31. "Bills and Resolutions | Kansas State Legislature". www.kslegislature.org. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  32. Samples, Chuck. "Value Them Both amendment passes Senate, to go on August 2022 primary ballot". kvoe.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  33. "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  34. Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  35. Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  36. businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  37. "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  38. "Would overturning abortion rights turn back clock to 1973?". The Public's Radio. 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  39. https://www.newsweek.com/george-tiller-murdered-abortion-doctor-trust-women-foundation-interview-1440383
  40. Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  41. "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  42. "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  43. "Views about abortion by state". Pew Research Center.
  44. "Kansas Speaks 2016 Statewide Public Opinion Survey".
  45. "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  46. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 29166366.
  47. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  48. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  49. Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  50. "Kansans for Life History | Pro-Life Legislation in Kansas". Kansans For Life. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  51. Jacobson, Mireille; Royer, Heather (December 2010). "Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3: 189–223. doi:10.1257/app.3.1.189.
  52. Baird-Windle, Patricia & Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism, New York, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-23925-1
  53. Warner, Bill (May 31, 2009). "Bill Warner Private Investigator Sarasota Fl to Panama City, Male & Female Detectives Dr. George Tiller Murdered by Army of God (AOG) Member, Shooting Suspect Scott P. Roeder Identified By Sheriff, AOG Alive And Well in Wichita Kansas. Bill Warner Private Investigator". Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  54. Stack, Liam (2015-11-29). "A Brief History of Deadly Attacks on Abortion Providers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  55. Tribune, Chicago. "Timeline of abortion laws and events". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  56. Joe Rodriguez; Tim Potter; Stan Finger (June 1, 2009). "Suspect in shooting death of abortion provider George Tiller may be charged today". The Wichita Eagle. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  57. Larson, Jordan. "Timeline: The 200-Year Fight for Abortion Access". The Cut. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.