Abila (Peraea)

Abila (Arabic: ابيلا‎) was an ancient city east of the Jordan River in Moab, later Peraea, near Livias, about twelve km northeast of the north shore of the Dead Sea. The site is identified with modern Khirbet el-Kafrayn, Jordan and identified on the Madaba Map as an unnamed icon.[1] There is a widely supported theory that in the Hebrew Bible, it is referred to as Abel-Shittim, as well as in the shorter forms Shittim and Ha-Shittim.[2]

This article is about Abila in Peraea. For the Abila in the Decapolis, see Abila (Decapolis). For Abil es-Suk in Syria, see Abila Lysaniou.
Tall el-Hammam that is identified by most scholars as Abel-Shittim.

Biblical Abel-Shittim

Abel-Shittim, Hebrew meaning "Meadow of the Acacias", is found only in the Book of Numbers (Num. 33:49); but Ha-Shittim (Hebrew meaning "The Acacias"), evidently the same place, is mentioned in Numbers, Joshua, and Micah(Numbers 25:1, Joshua 2:1; 3:1, Micah 6:5). It was the forty-second encampment of the Israelites, associated with Israelite cultural integration and inter-marriage with the Moabite residents, the heresy of Peor and the Covenant of Peace according to which God recognized the zeal of Phinehas and the permanence of the Aaronic priesthood (Numbers 25:1-14). It was also the final headquarters of Joshua before he crossed the Jordan.

The location is translated as Shittim in the Geneva Bible, Jerusalem Bible, King James Version, New International Version and New Revised Standard Version. The Complete Jewish Bible and Orthodox Jewish Bible both translate as Sheetim. The Good News Translation has Acacia Valley and the New King James Version has Acacia Grove.[3]

Abel-Shittim is identified with the area around Tall el-Hammam, in the Late Bronze Age.[4]

Josephus' Abila (1st century CE)
Date Palms at the south west edge of Tall el-Hammam, Jordan.

Josephus[5] stated that there was in his time a town, Abila, "full of palm trees", at a distance of sixty stadia[6] from the Jordan, and described it as the spot where Moses delivered the exhortations of Deuteronomy. In 1906 there was still an acacia grove not far from the place, although palms as mentioned by Josephus were not to be found.[7]

Pliny commented on how the dates of Livias were of high quality both juicy and sweet.[8] Theodosius also praised the dates of Livias stating “it has there some great Nicolas dates” (ibi habet dactalum Nicolaum maiorem).[9] The Madaba Map also depicts the date palms still growing in the area of Livias-Betharamtha in the sixth cent. AD. Date palms still grow at the edge of the archaeological site of Tall el-Hammam that is identified as Livias not far from Abila.

During the First Jewish-Roman War, Abila was captured by the Roman Imperial army, and was used by them to resettle deserters who had joined the Roman ranks.[10]

Notes
  1. Nelson Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 (1943): 7–26 (see 15, 21); Nelson Glueck, Explorations in Eastern Palestine IV. Part 1, 4 vols., Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 25–28 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1951), 377; David E. Graves and D. Scott Stripling, “Identification of Tall El-Hammam on the Madaba Map,” Bible and Spade 20, no. 2 (2007): 35–45; David E. Graves and D. Scott Stripling, “Locating Tall El-Hammam on the Madaba Map,” Biblical Research Bulletin 7, no. 6 (2007): 1–11.
  2. William M. Thomson, The Land and the Book: Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan, vol. 3, 3 vols. (New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 1886), 3:669; Nelson Glueck, Explorations in Eastern Palestine II, AASOR 15 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1935), 378; Nelson Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 (1943), 15; J. Maxwell Miller and Gene M. Tucker, The Book of Joshua, The Cambridge Bible Commentary of the English Bible (Cambridge, MI: Cambridge University Press, 1974), 199; R. K. Harrison, “Shittim,” ed. Edward M. Blaiklock, New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1983), 413; Rami G. Khouri, Antiquities of the Jordan Rift Valley (Manchester, MI: Solipsist, 1988), 76; Burton MacDonald, East of the Jordan: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures, ed. Victor H. Matthews, ASOR Books 6 (Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2000), 90
  3. All translations except Jerusalem Bible are taken from Bible Gateway www.biblegateway.com, accessed 27 June 2015
  4. William M. Thomson, The Land and the Book: Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond Jordan, vol. 3, 3 vols. (New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 1886), 3:669; Nelson Glueck, Explorations in Eastern Palestine II, AASOR 15 (New Haven, CT: ASOR, 1935), 378; Nelson Glueck, “Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 (1943), 15; J. Maxwell Miller and Gene M. Tucker, The Book of Joshua, The Cambridge Bible Commentary of the English Bible (Cambridge, MI: Cambridge University Press, 1974), 199; R. K. Harrison, “Shittim,” ed. Edward M. Blaiklock, New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1983), 413; Rami G. Khouri, Antiquities of the Jordan Rift Valley (Manchester, MI: Solipsist, 1988), 76; Burton MacDonald, East of the Jordan: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures, ed. Victor H. Matthews, ASOR Books 6 (Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2000), 90
  5. Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, iv.8, § 1; v.1, § 1
  6. 9 kilometres (6 mi)
  7. Abel-shittim in the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906.
  8. Pliny Nat. 13.44
  9. Theodosius Top. 19
  10. Josephus, De Bello Judaico (The Jewish War) 4.7.6 (4.437)

References
  • Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 71.
Attribution
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.