70-centimeter band

The 70-centimeter or 440 MHz band is a portion of the UHF radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The ITU amateur radio allocation is from 430 to 440 MHz; however, some countries, such as the United States, allocate hams 420 to 450 MHz. Depending on the country the band is shared with other radio services (in United States with government radar systems such as PAVE PAWS).[1]

70 centimeters is a popular ham band due to the ready availability of equipment in both new and used markets. Most amateurs operating on 70 cm use either equipment purpose built for ham radio, or commercial equipment designed for nearby land mobile frequencies. Amateurs predominately use the band for FM or digital voice communications through repeaters (useful for emergency communications), as well narrow band modes (analog and digital) for long distance communications (called "DX", including Moonbounce). The band is also popular for Amateur Satellite Service. Due to its size, it's the lowest frequency ham band which can support amateur television transmissions.

History

This band is popular in some areas and considered dead in others.

Band allocation

The band's allocation varies regionally. In the United States[2] and Trinidad and Tobago,[3] the band ranges from 420 to 450 MHz with some geographical limitations. In Canada and Australia, the band is 430–450 MHz. In the UK, amateurs are allocated 430–440 MHz. By international treaty between the US and Canada, operation in the portion of the band from 420 to 430 MHz is prohibited north of Line A,[4] which runs just south of the Canada–US border from Washington state to Maine,[5] and east of Line C, which runs from northeast to southeast Alaska.

Propagation characteristics

70-centimeter propagation characteristics lie midway between 2-meter and 33-centimeter (~900 MHz) bands. Above 200 MHz, as frequency increases, building penetration is reduced.[6] However, smaller obstacles may also block or reflect the signal. Higher frequencies also present a lower noise floor, making it easier to overcome both natural and artificial interference, especially prevalent in urban environments.

Atmospheric thermal ducting is often more intense at UHF, because shorter wavelengths have much greater refraction angles than longer ones. However, a much stronger thermal inversion is often required than is needed for ducting in the 2-meter band.

Comparison of the 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands

Propagation considerations often take a back seat to channel availability or economic concerns in system planning. One practical concern when comparing the 70-centimeter band to the 2-meter band is that a quarter-wavelength antenna is much less unwieldy at 70 centimeters than it is at 2 meters. Portable antennas for 2 meters are generally continuously loaded coil spring or "rubber duck" types, while on 70 centimeters they can be a full quarter wavelength. The difference can be as much as 8 dB. The primary advantage of 70 centimeters is that base station antennas of very significant gain (up to 11 dB or so) are practical while 6 dB is about the practical limit on 2m. The extra 5 dB of receive and transmit gain are often critical for long-range communication, particularly for high-power repeaters which can then concentrate all of their power and receive sensitivity at the horizon.

The 70-centimeter amateur band also provides a wider spectrum than the 2-meter band (in the U.S., this is 30 MHz of spectrum, compared to only 4 MHz on the 2-meter band).[2] This allows for many more channels, accommodating fast scan television, wideband digital modes, and point-to-point linking, which may not be permitted on 2-meter and lower frequencies, depending on local regulations.

A problem found with all UHF and higher frequencies is the prevalence of multipath signals. The reflective properties of the 70-centimeter band allow signals to be reflected by dense and solid material such as cement or rock. This creates a slight time delay between the primary and reflected signals, causing cancellations as direct and reflected signals are combined in the receiving antenna. This can cause receiving stations to experience rapid fluctuations in signal strength, or "picket fencing", when they are in motion. The problem is much less severe with modern FM systems because the receiver's limiter circuitry compensates for variations in received signal strength over a very wide amplitude range. In properly engineered systems, multipath can also be reduced by assuring that the transmitter uses only the minimum necessary power, allowing the reflected signals to be lower than the receiver's detection threshold.

70 centimeters is very close to the third harmonic of 2 meters, which allows sufficiently broadband 2–meter antennas to be used for 70 centimeters. Antennas specifically designed to work on both bands are common. Also, 2 meters is far enough away from 70 centimeters to make diplexers small and simple, making it easy to cross-band repeat signals between the two bands with a single dual-band radio.

Use for the radio control hobbies

In some countries, particularly Germany (until the end of 2008)[7] and Switzerland, a portion of the 70 cm band overlaps with a secondary frequency allocation for the operation of Radio control models. In Germany, 33 frequencies were available for RC use,[8] and in Switzerland, ten frequencies are available.[9] These frequencies fall within the LPD433 band used by short range devices in Europe.

In North America, licensed amateurs may conduct RC operations in the 70 cm band, but unlike similar operations in the 6-meter band, no specific frequencies have been set aside for RC use. American radio amateurs may use a maximum of one watt of radiated RF power, on any ham frequency authorized for data emissions, to control RC models.[10] Canadian radio amateurs may use any amateur frequency above 30 MHz for the control of RC models.[11]

Plus or minus 5 MHz is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band

See also

References
  1. "420-450 MHz" (PDF). National Telecommunications and Information Administration. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2019. The band 420-450 MHz is used extensively by the military agencies for land-based, shipborne, and airborne radar systems to perform important national security functions.
  2. "§ 97.301 Authorized frequency bands" (PDF). The Federal Communications Commission. 1 October 2008. p. 2. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  3. "Trinidad and Tobago Frequency Allocation Table (9 kHz to 1000 GHz)". The Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago. 16 October 2009. p. 154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2009.. See Footnote TT34.
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47 → Chapter I → Subchapter D → Part 97". ecfr.gov. Federal Communications Commission. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. FCC Part 97.3a, subsection (30): Line A. Begins at Aberdeen, WA, running by great circle arc to the intersection of 48° N, 120° W, thence along parallel 48° N, to the intersection of 95° W, thence by great circle arc through the southernmost point of Duluth, MN, thence by great circle arc to 45° N, 85° W, thence southward along meridian 85° W, to its intersection with parallel 41° N, thence along parallel 41° N, to its intersection with meridian 82° W, thence by great circle arc through the southernmost point of Bangor, ME, thence by great circle arc through the southernmost point of Searsport, ME, at which point it terminates.
  6. Taylor, Clayborne D.; et al. "13 - Measurement of RF Propagation into Concrete Structures over the Frequency Range 100 MHz to 3 GHz". Wireless Personal Communications : Advances in Coverage and Capacity (PDF). pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-4613-7861-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2014. measured attenuation above 200 MHz appears to increase with an increase in frequency
  7. RC-Network.de Fernsteuerfrequenzen für den Modellbau - Deutschland (Frequency bands for RC modeling - Germany) - "Am 31.12.2008 endet die Betriebserlaubnis für Fernsteuerungen im Frequenzbereich 433 MHz!" (As of 12/31/2008, RC use of the 433 MHz bands ends in Germany!)
  8. "United Kingdom Radio Control Council: International Frequencies - Germany". UKRCC. UKRCC. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  9. "United Kingdom Radio Control Council: International Frequencies - Switzerland". UKRCC. UKRCC. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  10. "§97.215 Telecommand of model craft". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  11. "Frequencies for Radio Control of Models". Industry Canada. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
International amateur radio frequency allocations
Range Band ITU Region 1 ITU Region 2 ITU Region 3
LF 2200 m 135.7–137.8 kHz
MF 630 m 472–479 kHz
160 m 1.810–1.850 MHz 1.800–2.000 MHz
HF 80 / 75 m 3.500–3.800 MHz 3.500–4.000 MHz 3.500–3.900 MHz
60 m 5.3515–5.3665 MHz
40 m 7.000–7.200 MHz 7.000–7.300 MHz 7.000–7.200 MHz
30 m[w] 10.100–10.150 MHz
20 m 14.000–14.350 MHz
17 m[w] 18.068–18.168 MHz
15 m 21.000–21.450 MHz
12 m[w] 24.890–24.990 MHz
10 m 28.000–29.700 MHz
VHF 6 m 50.000–52.000 MHz
(50.000–54.000 MHz)[y]		 50.000–54.000 MHz
4 m[x] 70.000–70.500 MHz N/A
2 m 144.000–146.000 MHz 144.000–148.000 MHz
1.25 m N/A 220.000–225.000 MHz N/A
UHF 70 cm 430.000–440.000 MHz 430.000–440.000 MHz
(420.000–450.000 MHz)[y]
33 cm N/A 902.000–928.000 MHz N/A
23 cm 1.240–1.300 GHz
13 cm 2.300–2.450 GHz
SHF 9 cm 3.400–3.475 GHz[y] 3.300–3.500 GHz
5 cm 5.650–5.850 GHz 5.650–5.925 GHz 5.650–5.850 GHz
3 cm 10.000–10.500 GHz
1.2 cm 24.000–24.250 GHz
EHF 6 mm 47.000–47.200 GHz
4 mm[y] 75.500 GHz[x] – 81.500 GHz 76.000–81.500 GHz
2.5 mm 122.250–123.000 GHz
2 mm 134.000–141.000 GHz
1 mm 241.000–250.000 GHz
THF Sub-mm Some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region;
others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 GHz, leaving them available by default.

[w] HF allocation created at the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference. These are commonly called the "WARC bands".
[x] This is not mentioned in the ITU's Table of Frequency Allocations, but individual administrations may make allocations under "Article 4.4". ITU Radio Regulations.. See the appropriate Wiki page for further information.
[y] This includes a currently active footnote allocation mentioned in the ITU's Table of Frequency Allocations. These allocations may only apply to a group of countries.

See also: Radio spectrum, Electromagnetic spectrum
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