7-Dehydrocholesterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is a zoosterol that functions in the serum as a cholesterol precursor, and is photochemically converted to vitamin D3 in the skin, therefore functioning as provitamin-D3. The presence of this compound in human skin enables humans to manufacture vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from ultraviolet rays in the sun light, via an intermediate isomer pre-vitamin D3. It is also found in the milk of several mammalian species.[1][2] Lanolin, a waxy substance that is naturally secreted by wool-bearing mammals, contains 7-DHC which is converted into vitamin D by sunlight and then ingested during grooming as a nutrient. In insects it is a precursor for the hormone ecdysone, required for reaching adulthood.[3] It was discovered by Nobel-laureate organic chemist Adolf Windaus.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
cholesta-5,7-dien-3β-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.456  |
| MeSH | 7-dehydrocholesterol |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| C27H44O | |
| Molar mass | 384.638 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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| Infobox references | |
Location
The skin consists of two primary layers: an inner layer, the dermis, comprising largely connective tissue, and an outer, thinner epidermis. The thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.08 mm to greater than 0.6 mm (from 0.003 to 0.024 inches).[4] The epidermis comprises five strata; from outer to inner, they are the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The highest concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol are found in the epidermal layer of skin—specifically in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.[5] The production of pre-vitamin D3 is, therefore, greatest in these two layers.
Radiation
Synthesis of pre-vitamin D3 in the skin involves UVB radiation, which effectively penetrates only the epidermal layers of skin. 7-Dehydrocholesterol absorbs UV light most effectively at wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm and, thus, the production of vitamin D3 will occur primarily at those wavelengths. The two most important factors that govern the generation of pre-vitamin D3 are the quantity (intensity) and quality (appropriate wavelength) of the UVB irradiation reaching the 7-dehydrocholesterol deep in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.[5]
Another important consideration is the quantity of 7-dehydrocholesterol present in the skin. Under normal circumstances, ample quantities of 7-dehydrocholesterol (about 25–50 μg/cm2 of skin) are available in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale of human skin to meet the body's vitamin D requirements. 7-DHC insufficiency has been proposed as an alternate cause for Vitamin D deficiency.[6]
Sources
7-DHC can be produced by animals and plants via different pathways. It is not produced by fungi in significant amounts. It is made by some algae, but the pathway is poorly understood.[7] It can also be produced by some bacteria.[6]
Industrially, 7-DHC generally comes from lanolin, and is used to produce vitamin D3 by UV exposure.[8] Lichen is used in vegan supplements.[9]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
- The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531".
References
- "7-dehydrocholesterol". The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 21 January 2007.
- "7-dehydrocholesterol". Answers.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
- Young E (2012). "Thanks to one gene, this fly needs a cactus to escape Neverland". Not Exactly Rocket Science.
- Martini F, Timmons MJ, Tallitsch RB (2006). Human Anatomy. Pearson/Benjamin-Cummings Publishers. p. 89. ISBN 0-8053-7211-3.
- Norman AW (June 1998). "Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 67 (6): 1108–10. doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.6.1108. PMID 9625080.
- Gokhale, Sucheta; Bhaduri, Anirban (December 2019). "Provitamin D3 modulation through prebiotics supplementation: simulation based assessment". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 19267. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55699-2.
- Jäpelt, Rie B.; Jakobsen, Jette (2013). "Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00136. PMC 3651966. PMID 23717318.
- Holick MF (November 2005). "The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences" (PDF). The Journal of Nutrition. 135 (11): 2739S–48S. doi:10.1093/jn/135.11.2739S. PMID 16251641.
[Vitamin D3] is produced commercially by extracting 7-dehydrocholesterol from wool fat, followed by UVB irradiation and purification [...] [Vitamin D2] is commercially made by irradiating and then purifying the ergosterol extracted from yeast
- "Vitamin D". The Vegan Society.