2015–16 Australian region cyclone season

The 2015–16 Australian region cyclone season was the least active tropical cyclone season since reliable records started during 1969, with only three named tropical cyclones developing in the region. Reasons for the low activity during the year included a positive Indian Ocean Dipole occurring and the 2014–16 El Niño event. Ahead of the season starting; the Australian Bureau of Meteorology predicted that there was a 91% chance that the season would be below average. As the 2015–16 tropical cyclone year opened on 1 July 2015, the newly named Tropical Cyclone Raquel moved south-westward into the Australian region. Over the next couple of days, the system meandered around 160°E and moved through the Solomon Islands, before it was last noted on 5 July. The basin subsequently remained quiet with only several weak tropical lows developing, before the first named tropical cyclone of the season was named Stan during 29 January 2016.

2015–16 Australian region cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed17 December 2015
Last system dissipated16 March 2016
Strongest storm
NameStan
 • Maximum winds100 km/h (65 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure980 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Tropical lows11[nb 1]
Tropical cyclones3[nb 1] (record low)
Severe tropical cyclones0 (record low)
Total fatalitiesUnknown
Total damageUnknown
Related articles

Stan subsequently made landfall on Western Australia and impacted various commodities including oil, natural gas and iron ore. However, impacts were limited due to the low population of the region. The precursor tropical low to Tropical Cyclone Uriah developed over the Indian Ocean, within a monsoon trough of low pressure during 9 February. The system subsequently developed further and was named Uriah during 13 February, before it moved out of the region during the following day. Tropical Cyclone Tatiana developed into a tropical cyclone, during 11 February while it was located over the Coral Sea. Over the next few days, the system remained over water and dissipated during 15 February after it had produced some powerful, long period swells along Queensland beaches. After Tatiana dissipated four tropical lows occurred in the region, before the season ended on 30 April, including the remnant tropical low of Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston.

Seasonal forecasts
Region Average
number		 Chance
of more		 Chance
of less		 Actual
activity
Whole 11 9% 91% 3
Western 7 25% 75% 2
North-Western 5 15% 85% 1
Northern 3 36% 64% None
Eastern 4 27% 83% 1
Western South Pacific 7 15% 85% 1
Eastern South Pacific 10 48% 52% 4
Source: BOM's Seasonal Outlooks for Tropical Cyclones.[2][3]

Ahead of the cyclone season, the FMS, the BoM, Meteo France, New Zealand's MetService and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2015.[4] The outlook took into account the strong El Niño conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Niño conditions occurring during the season.[4] The outlook called for an above average number of tropical cyclones for the 2015–16 season, with eleven to thirteen named tropical cyclones to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10-12.[4] At least six of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while four could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones. It was also noted that Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 196 km/h (122 mph) were known to occur during El Nino events.[4]

In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the BoM issued seven seasonal forecasts during October 2015, for the Australian region and the Southern Pacific with each forecast covering the whole tropical cyclone year.[2] It was forecast that the region would less active than during previous years, with a 91% chance of a below average amount of tropical cyclones, because of the strong El Niño episode that had developed over the Pacific Ocean.[2] It was also noted that the first tropical cyclone landfall might be later than usual, with the average first landfall taking place in January during El Niño conditions.[2] For the Western region between 90°E and 125°E, the BoM forecast that the area would also see activity below its average of 7, with a 25% chance of an above average number of tropical cyclones occurring.[2] TCWC Perth also noted that there was a likelihood of two tropical cyclones and a significant likelihood of at least one severe tropical cyclone impacting Western Australia.[5] For the North-Western subregion between 105°E and 130°E, it was predicted that activity would be below average, with a 15% chance of above average tropical cyclone activity.[2] The Northern Territory which was defined as being between as being 125°E and 142.5°E had a 36% chance of an above average season.[2] The Eastern region between 142.5°E and 160°E was predicted to have a near normal tropical cyclone season, though it was noted that there was a possibility of a delayed start to the season.[2] The BoM issued a seasonal forecast for both the Western and Eastern South Pacific.[3] The Western region between 142.5°E and 165°E was predicted to have a 15% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones, while the Eastern region between 165°E and 120°W was predicted to have a 48% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones.[3]

Seasonal summary
Cyclone Winston

During the season only three tropical cyclones developed within the Australian region, which meant that the season was considered to be the least active season since reliable records started in 1969.[6][7] This low activity was partially attributed to the 2014-16 El Niño event, which caused systems to be displaced eastwards into the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin. A positive Indian Ocean Dipole event caused cooler-than-normal waters in tropical eastern Indian Ocean, near Indonesia, which in turn limited development near Western Australia during the first part of the season. As the 2015-16 tropical cyclone year opened on 1 July 2015, the newly named Tropical Cyclone Raquel moved south-westward into the Australian region. Over the next couple of days, the system meandered around 160°E and moved through the Solomon Islands, before it was last noted on 5 July. The basin subsequently remained quiet with only several weak tropical lows developing, before the first named tropical cyclone of the season was named Stan during 29 January 2016.

Stan subsequently made landfall on Western Australia and impacted various commodities including oil, natural gas, and iron ore. However, impacts were limited due to the low population of the region. The precursor tropical low to Tropical Cyclone Uriah developed over the Indian Ocean, within a monsoon trough of low pressure during 9 February. The system subsequently developed further and was named Uriah during 13 February, before it moved out of the region during the following day. Tropical Cyclone Tatiana developed into a tropical cyclone, during 11 February while it was located over the Coral Sea. Over the next few days, the system remained over water and dissipated during 15 February after it had produced some powerful, long period swells along Queensland beaches. After Tatiana dissipated four tropical lows occurred in the region before the season ended on 30 April, including the remnant tropical low of Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston.

Systems

Tropical Low 04U
Tropical low (Australian scale)
 
Duration17 December – 23 December
Peak intensityWinds not specified  1006 hPa (mbar)

On 16 December, TCWC Perth mentioned that a tropical low may develop northwest of Christmas Island.[8] The agency declared to be a tropical low by the next day when it was producing convection in its area.[9] On 20 December, TCWC Jakarta issued an advisory as the low was inside their area of responsibility, as it was located about 567 km (352 mi) south-southwest of Tanjung Karang.[10] TCWC Perth forecast the low would intensify to a tropical cyclone and move into the Western Region by 24 hours on 21 December.[11] The low was later designated as 04U on 23 December, however, this was the last advisory issued by TCWC Perth and rapidly dissipated overnight.[12][13]

Tropical Low 05U
Tropical low (Australian scale)
 
Duration21 December – 1 January
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  994 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Low 05U developed over land near Borroloola in the Northern Territory during 21 December.[14][15] Over the next couple of days, the system gradually deepened further as it moved west-northwest inland and passed near Daly Waters and Katherine. The system subsequently approached Darwin during 24 December, where it was causing near gale-force winds offshore. On 26 December, 05U was embedded within a monsoon, giving a potential of intensifying into a tropical cyclone.[16] A couple of days later, 05U drifted southeastwards towards land and failed to reach tropical cyclone intensity.[17] The system was last noted on 2 January while it was located over the Simpson Desert in Queensland, as it was not clear if the low continued towards the east coast or another system had developed.[14]

Tropical Cyclone Stan
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration27 January – 31 January
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  980 hPa (mbar)

During 27 January, the BoM reported that Tropical Low 08U had developed about 750 km (465 mi) to the north of Port Hedland, Western Australia.[18] The system was located within a favorable environment for further development and was forecast to develop into a tropical cyclone over the next couple of days, as it moved southwards towards the coast of Western Australia. 08U was subsequently declared a Category 1 tropical cyclone on 29 January and was named Stan by the BoM. Stan continued to intensify during the day as it slowly moved in a southeast direction towards the east Pilbara coast. Stan reached category 2 tropical cyclone strength at 8:00 pm AWST time, when it was located 280 km north of Port Hedland. Stan maintained category 2 strength during the course of 30 January. Category 1 strength hurricane-force winds formed around 9:30 am AWST the same day, near Rowley Shoales where Stan was 100 km south of the island. Stan crossed the east Pilbara coast between Port Headland and Wallal as a strong category 2 tropical cyclone at 2:00 am AWST. Stan proceeded to weaken while moving inland, becoming a category 1 tropical cyclone at 8:00 am the same day, and further weakened to become a tropical low at 2:00 pm that afternoon. The remnants of Stan caused record breaking rain in South Australia. Coffin Bay received 75.8mm of rain, The Nullarbor received 62.4mm, and Port Lincoln received 49.6mm of rainfall.[19]

Tropical Cyclone Uriah
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration9 February – 14 February (Exited basin)
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  982 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Low 09U developed over the Indian Ocean to the northwest of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, within a monsoon trough of low pressure during 9 February. Over the next few days, the system moved slowly in an area of weak steering flow as it struggled to develop further before it started moving turned to the southwest during 12 February. Later that day the system passed about 100 km (62 mi) to the northwest of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, before conditions became favorable for further development as the system moved away from the islands. As a result, the low was named Uriah by the BoM during 13 February, as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. The JTWC also initiated advisories on the system during that day and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 13S. Over the next day, the system continued to move south-westwards and became a Category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph). The system moved out of the region and into the South West Indian Ocean basin during 14 February, where it became an intense tropical cyclone before degenerating into a remnant low during 19 February.

Tropical Cyclone Tatiana
Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration9 February – 14 February
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  982 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Low 10U developed during 9 February within the central Coral Sea, about 900 km (560 mi) to the southwest of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[20][21] The system was located within a favorable environment for further development, with the low-level circulation center gradually consolidating, while deep atmospheric convection wrapped into the system. Over the next couple of days, the system gradually developed further as it moved eastwards before the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 12P during 10 February.[22] Over the next day, the system continued to develop and was named Tatiana by the BoM, as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.[23]

By this time Tatiana had started to move towards the east-southeast under the combined influence of the monsoon flow and a trough of low pressure. The system subsequently peaked as a Category 2 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) during 12 February, before it moved just out of the Australian region and into the South Pacific basin.[20] The system subsequently moved southwards and rapidly weakened during the next day, before it lost its tropical characteristics and degenerated into a subtropical low during 14 February, as the storm moved back into the Australian Basin.[20] After the system had degenerated into a subtropical low, it produced some powerful, long period swells along southeast Queensland beaches.[20]

Tropical Low 12U
Tropical low (Australian scale)
 
Duration1 March – 6 March
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min)  1000 hPa (mbar)

On 1 March, BoM started monitoring a weak tropical low to the south of Java, Indonesia. The low moved in a westward direction until on 5 March, the BoM started issuing bulletins on the system with the designation of 12U and winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), however, it was still classified as a tropical low since gale-force winds were only found in the southern quadrants. The tropical low moved out of the basin on 6 March, without intensifying into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

Tropical Low 14U
Tropical low (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration14 March – 16 March
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  998 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Low 14U developed within a monsoon trough near Vanderlin Island, in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria, on 14 March.[14]

Other systems

On 1 July, as the 2015–16 tropical cyclone year opened, the newly named Tropical Cyclone Raquel moved southwestward into the Australian region.[1][14] During that day the system started to move eastwards in response to the background westerly flow before it weakened below tropical cyclone intensity as it moved back into the South Pacific basin during July 2.[1][14][24] The system subsequently moved back into the Australian region during 4 July, as it moved through the Solomon Islands.[1][25] The system was subsequently last noted by the BoM to the southwest of Guadalcanal, on 5 July, as it rapidly lost its tropical characteristics.[26]

A low-pressure developed east of the 90th meridian east or the border of the basin on 26 December, and had a moderate chance of intensifying into a tropical cyclone.[27] TCWC Perth later classified it as a weak tropical low with the identifier of 06U.[28] On 28 December, as the low slowly moved south, unfavorable environments hinder the chance of being a cyclone.[29] TCWC Perth made its final bulletin of the tropical low as it slowly drifted west on 29 December.[30] During 19 January Tropical Low 07U developed within the monsoon trough of low pressure, about 300 km (185 mi) to the west of West Island in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.[31] Over the next couple of days, the system moved north-eastwards and tried to develop further in a marginally conducive environment for further development.[32] However, the system weakened on 21 January, before it was last noted on 24 January, as it was not expected to develop into a tropical cyclone.[33][34] During 14 February a weak tropical low lied in an area of marginal conditions for further develop near Christmas Island.[35] Over the next couple of days, environmental conditions surrounding the system became less favorable for further development, before the system was last noted during 16 February.[35][36] During 26 February, Winston entered the basin as an extratropical cyclone, whilst the JTWC classified it as a subtropical cyclone;[37][38][39] ultimately, it made landfall over Queensland as a tropical low and quickly degenerated into a trough, on 3 March.[40][41][42][43]

Storm names

During the season a total of 3 tropical cyclones received a name from BoM, either by TCWC Perth, Darwin, or Brisbane, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph). There has only been one list that the Bureau of Meteorology have assigned names to tropical cyclones since the 2008–09 season. Tropical cyclones named by the TCWC Jakarta and Port Moresby are rare, with the last named cyclones occurring during 2014 and 2007, respectively. Retired and its replacement names have not yet been confirmed.

  • Stan
  • Tatiana
  • Uriah
  • Yvette (unused)
  • Alfred (unused)
  • Blanche (unused)

Season effects
Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damages
(AU$)		 Damages
(US$)		 Deaths
Category Wind speed
(km/h (mph))		 Pressure
(hPa)
04U17 – 23 DecemberTropical lowNot specified1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)NoneNoneNoneNone
05U21 December –
2 January		Tropical low55 km/h (35 mph)994 hPa (29.35 inHg)Northern Territory, QueenslandNoneNoneNone
06U27 – 29 DecemberTropical lowNot specifiedNot specifiedNoneNoneNoneNone
07U19 – 25 JanuaryTropical lowNot specifiedNot specifiedNoneNoneNoneNone
Stan27 – 31 JanuaryCategory 2 tropical cyclone100 km/h (65 mph)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)Western Australia, South Australia
Victoria		UnknownUnknownNone[44]
Uriah9 – 14 FebruaryCategory 2 tropical cyclone95 km/h (60 mph)982 hPa (29.00 inHg)Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNoneNoneNone
Tatiana9 – 14 FebruaryCategory 2 tropical cyclone95 km/h (60 mph)982 hPa (29.00 inHg)QueenslandNoneNoneNone
11U14 – 16 FebruaryTropical lowNot specifiedNot specifiedNoneNoneNoneNone
12U1 – 6 MarchTropical low65 km/h (40 mph)1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)NoneNoneNoneNone
13U (Winston)3 MarchTropical lowNot specified1010 hPa (29.82 inHg)QueenslandNoneNoneNone
14U14 – 16 MarchTropical low55 km/h (35 mph)998 hPa (29.47 inHg)Northern Territory, QueenslandNoneNoneNone
Season aggregates
11 systems17 December –
16 March		110 km/h (70 mph)975 hPa (28.79 inHg)Minor0

See also

Notes
  1. Number of tropical lows and tropical cyclones excludes Tropical Cyclone Raquel, which was considered to have been a part of the 2014–15 season.[1]

References
  1. Queensland Regional Office (September 2015). Tropical Cyclone Raquel (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  2. National Climate Centre (13 October 2014). "2015–16 Australian tropical cyclone season outlook: El Niño likely to decrease Australian cyclone numbers". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  3. National Climate Centre (October 14, 2015). "2015–2016 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  4. "Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: El Niño expected to produce severe tropical storms in the Southwest Pacific" (Press release). New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. October 14, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  5. Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (12 October 2015). "Western Australia Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Outlook 2015-16". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  6. "La Nina's coming, which means adios to our endless summer". News.Com.Au. April 29, 2016.
  7. http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/3-cyclones-mark-slowest-tropic/56967800
  8. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Saturday 19 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 16 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  9. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Sunday 20 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  10. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Southern Indonesia area on 20th December 2015". Indonesian Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC). 20 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  11. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Thursday 24 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 21 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  12. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Saturday 26 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 26 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  13. "SIGNIFICANT TROPICAL WEATHER ADVISORY FOR THE INDIAN /OCEAN/231800Z-241800ZDEC2015//". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015.
  14. "The Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  15. "Tropical Cyclone Tropical Low Impacts". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  16. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region, including the Gulf of Carpentaria for the period until midnight CST Tuesday 29 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 26 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  17. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region, including the Gulf of Carpentaria for the period until midnight CS Thursday 31 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  18. https://www.webcitation.org/6eqpVtLua?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201601270703.htm
  19. "Heavy rain in Adelaide causes courts to flood, traffic chaos".
  20. Queensland Regional Office (2016). Tropical Cyclone Tatiana (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  21. https://www.webcitation.org/6fBBSPxz2?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201602090600.htm
  22. "Tropical Cyclone 12P (Twelve) Warning Nr 001". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016.
  23. https://www.webcitation.org/6fEDgkq66?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AXAU21-ABRF_201602111842.htm
  24. https://www.webcitation.org/6Zit0I5QY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AXAU21-ABRF_201507020042.htm
  25. Young, Steve (August 31, 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  26. Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (July 5, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia: Eastern Region: July 5, 2015 12z". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  27. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Tuesday 29 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 26 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  28. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Wednesday 30 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 27 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  29. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Thursday 31 December 2015". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  30. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Western Region for the period until midnight WST Friday 1 January 2016". Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 29 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  35. https://www.webcitation.org/6ftARsfTf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201602140616.htm
  36. https://www.webcitation.org/6ftA2wMGs?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201602160600.htm
  37. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Coral Sea". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  38. "Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Coral Sea". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  39. "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans Reissued 252330Z-260600Z Feb 2016". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  40. "Latest Colour Mean Sea-Level Pressure Analysis at 1200 UTC 03 Mar 2016". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original (PNG) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  41. "Latest Colour Mean Sea-Level Pressure Analysis at 1800 UTC 03 Mar 2016". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original (PNG) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  42. "Heavy rain, storms expected across from Ex-cyclone Winston". Cairns, Queensland: The Cairns Post. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  43. "Severe Weather Warning for Heavy Rainfall". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  44. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/mwr/aus/mwr-aus-201602.pdf
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