1996 Romanian general election

General elections were held in Romania on 3 November 1996, with a second round of the presidential election on 17 November.[1]

1996 Romanian presidential election

3 November 1996 (first round) 17 November 1996 (second round)
Turnout	76.0% (first round) 75.9% (second round)
Nominee Emil Constantinescu Ion Iliescu Party PNŢ-CD Independent Alliance CDR PDSR Popular vote 7,057,906 5,914,579 Percentage 54.41% 45.59%
President before election Ion Iliescu PDSR Elected President Emil Constantinescu CDR

Opinion polls prior to the elections suggested incumbent President Ion Iliescu of the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR, formerly the Democratic National Salvation Front) would win a third term, though it was believed a large field of candidates would push him into a runoff.[2] Iliescu received the most votes in the first round, just ahead of his 1992 runoff opponent, Emil Constantinescu of the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR). In the second round, Constantinescu defeated Iliescu with 54 percent of the vote. Iliescu conceded defeat soon after the polls closed.[3] Constantinescu took office on 29 November, marking the first peaceful transfer of power since the fall of Communism. To date, it is the only time since the introduction of direct presidential elections that an incumbent president has been defeated when running for re-election.

The CDR, a broad coalition of parties opposing the governing centre-left PDSR, also emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, winning 122 of the 343 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 53 of the 143 seats in the Senate.

Presidential candidates

Name	Lifespan	Public Administration Experience	Affiliation and endorsements	Alma mater and profession	Candidacy Announcement dates
Emil Constantinescu	Born: 19 November 1939 (age 56) Tighina (de jure, Republic of Moldova; de facto Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic)	Rector of University of Bucharest (1992-election day) Former presidential election: 1992: 31.1% (2nd place, 1st round), 38.6% (2nd place, 2nd round)	Affiliation: CDR	Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest (1960) Faculty of Geology, University of Bucharest (1966) geology professor
Ion Iliescu	Born: 3 March 1930 (age 66) Oltenița, Călărași County	President of Romania (1989-election day) President of Water Surfaces Management Council (1979–1984) Member of the State Council (full member: 1979–1980, observative: 1974–1979) President of Iași County Council (1974–1979) Vice-President of Timiș County Council (1971–1974) Minister of Youth (1967–1971) Deputy (1957–1961, 1965–1973, 1975–1985) Former presidential elections: 1992: 47.2% (1st place, 1st round), 61.4% (winner, 2nd round) 1990: 85.1% (winner)	Affiliation: PDSR	Energy Institute, Moscow State University (1954) fluid mechanics engineer, publishing house manager
Petre Roman	Born: 22 July 1946 (age 50) Bucharest	Deputy (1990-election day) Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)	Affiliation: National Salvation Front Alliance members: PD (FSN) and PSDR	Faculty of Energy, Politehnica University of Bucharest (1968) hydroelectric powerplant engineer
György Frunda	Born: 22 July 1951 (age 45) Târgu Mureș, Mureș County	Senator (1992-election day)	Affiliation: UDMR	Faculty of Law, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca (1974) lawyer
Corneliu Vadim Tudor	Born: 28 November 1949 (age 46) Bucharest Died 14 September 2015, Bucharest	Senator (1992-election day)	Affiliation: PRM	Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest (1971) journalist, writer
Gheorghe Funar	Born: 29 September 1949 (age 47) Sânnicolau Mare, Timiș County	Mayor of Cluj-Napoca (1992-election day) Former presidential election: 1992: 10.8% (3rd place, 1st round)	Affiliation: PUNR	Faculty of Economics and Business Management, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca (unknown year) economist
Tudor Mohora	Born: 6 October 1950 (age 46) Bogdana, Teleorman County	Deputy (1992-election day)	Affiliation: Socialist Party	Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest (1974) chemistry teacher
Nicolae Manolescu	Born: 27 November 1939 (age 56) Râmnicu Vâlcea, Vâlcea County	Senator (1992-election day)	Affiliation: National Liberal Alliance	Faculty of Philology, University of Bucharest (1962) writer, book critic
Adrian Păunescu	Born: 20 July 1943 (age 53) Copăceni, Sîngerei District, Republic of Moldova Died 5 October 2010, Bucharest	Senator (1992-election day)	Affiliation: PSM	Faculty of Philology, University of Bucharest (1968) poet
Ioan Pop de Popa	Born: 6 October 1927 (age 69) Oradea, Bihor County	Deputy (1965–1973)	Affiliation: Center National Union	Faculty of Medicine, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca (1952) cardiologist
George Muntean	Born: 17 November 1932 (age 63) Bilca, Suceava County		Affiliation: Retirees Party	Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest (1959) historian, journalist
Radu Câmpeanu	Born: 28 February 1922 (age 74), Bucharest Died 19 October 2016, Bucharest	Former presidential election: 1990: 10.6% (2nd place)	Affiliation: National Liberal-Ecologist Alliance	Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest (1945) Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Bucharest (1947) economist
Nuțu Anghelina	Born: 16 April 1956 (age 40) Buhuși, Bacău County		Affiliation: none	Faculty of Orthodox Theology, unknown university (1986) orthodox priest
Constantin Mudava	Born: 8 April 1935 (age 61) Ghirdoveni, Dâmbovița County Died 1 November 2018, Târgoviște		Affiliation: none	unknown education holistic healer
Constantin Niculescu	Born: 18 May 1940 (age 56) Râmnicu Vâlcea, Vâlcea County		Affiliation: National Party of Motorists	Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov (1960) mechanical engineer
Nicolae Militaru	Born: 10 November 1925 (age 70) Bălești, Gorj County Died 27 December 1996, Bucharest	Minister of Defence (1989–1990) Deputy Minister for Industrial Constructions (1978–1984) Deputy (1969–1975)	Affiliation: none	Frunze Military Academy, Moscow (unknown year) military

Results

President

Presidential election – First round

Presidential election – Second round

Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
			Votes	%	Votes	%
	Emil Constantinescu	Romanian Democratic Convention	3,569,941	28.2	7,057,906	54.4
	Ion Iliescu	Party of Social Democracy in Romania	4,081,093	32.3	5,914,579	45.6
	Petre Roman	Democratic Party	2,598,545	20.5
	György Frunda	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	761,411	6.0
	Corneliu Vadim Tudor	Greater Romania Party	597,508	4.7
	Gheorghe Funar	Romanian National Unity Party	407,828	3.2
	Tudor Mohora	Socialist Party	160,387	1.3
	Nicolae Manolescu	National Liberal Alliance	90,122	0.7
	Adrian Păunescu	Socialist Party of Labour	87,163	0.7
	Ion Pop de Popa	Humanist Party	59,752	0.5
	George Muntean	Independent	54,218	0.4
	Radu Câmpeanu	National Liberal Ecologist Alliance	43,780	0.3
	Nuțu Anghelina	Independent	43,319	0.3
	Constantin Mudava	Independent	39,477	0.3
	Constantin Niculescu	PNA	30,045	0.2
	Nicolae Militaru	Independent	28,318	0.2
Invalid/blank votes			435,481	–	106,398	–
Total			13,088,388	100	13,078,883	100
Registered voters/turnout			17,218,654	76.0	17,230,654	75.9
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

↓

28.2%	20.5%	6%							32.3%
Emil Constantinescu (CDR)	Petre Roman (USD)								Ion Iliescu (PDSR)

Petre Roman, Gyorgy Frunda (green), Gheorghe Funar (lightblue) and Nicolae Manolescu (yellow) openly endorsed Emil Constantinescu in the second round. Corneliu Vadim Tudor (blue), Tudor Mohora (pink) and Adrian Păunescu (darkred) openly endorsed Ion Iliescu.

↓

54.4%	45.6%
Emil Constantinescu (CDR)	Ion Iliescu (PDSR)

• 
  Ion Iliescu
• 
  Emil Constantinescu
• 
  Petre Roman
• 
  György Frunda
• 
  Corneliu Vadim Tudor

Senate

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Romanian Democratic Convention	3,772,084	30.70	53	+19
	Social Democracy Party of Romania	2,836,011	23.08	41	−8
	Social Democratic Union^[a]	1,617,384	13.16	23	+5
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	837,760	6.82	11	−1
	Greater Romania Party	558,026	4.54	8	+2
	Romanian National Unity Party	518,962	4.22	7	−7
	Socialist Party	277,104	2.26	0	New
	Socialist Party of Labour	265,659	2.16	0	−5
	National Liberal Alliance	236,132	1.92	0	New
	Party of Pensioners of Romania	178,654	1.45	0	New
	Romanian Socialist Party of Workers	163,582	1.33	0	New
	National Union of the Centre	118,859	0.97	0	New
	National Peasant Party	86,746	0.71	0	0
	National Liberal Ecologist Alliance	86,359	0.70	0	New
	Party of the Roma	80,622	0.66	0	0
	Roma Union	72,648	0.59	0	New
	National Christian Democratic Party	65,932	0.54	0	New
	National Party of the Motorists	57,644	0.47	0	New
	Romanian Working Party	49,325	0.40	0	New
	Free Republican Party	36,877	0.30	0	0
	New Romania Party	35,027	0.29	0	New
	Ecological Convention Party of Romania	33,888	0.28	0	New
	Party of Reunification–Dacian-Latian Option	28,622	0.23	0	New
	Christian Democratic Union	23,656	0.19	0	0
	Party for the Motherland	21,295	0.17	0	New
	Party of Former Non-Communists and Political Prisoners	20,989	0.17	0	New
	Party of Social Protection of Romania	20,972	0.17	0	New
	Republican Party	20,273	0.16	0	0
	Romanian Socialist Party	18,834	0.15	0	New
	Hungarian Free Democrat Party of Romania	12,103	0.10	0	New
	Party of Private Entrepreneurs–Social Democratic Party	11,627	0.09	0	New
	Party of the Revival of Romania 'Ion Mihalache'	9,111	0.07	0	New
	Community of the Roma Ethnicity in Romania	6,073	0.05	0	New
	Liberal Christian Party	5,933	0.05	0	New
	Party of the Romanian Revolution	2,938	0.02	0	New
	Union of the Roma, Constanta County	763	0.01	0	New
	Party of Democratic Solidarity	299	0.00	0	New
	Independents	98,898	0.80	0	0
Invalid/blank votes		800,717	–	–	–
Total		13,088,388	100	143	0
Registered voters/turnout		17,218,654	76.01	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, University of Essex

↓

25	22					22		11	7	8	41
PNȚ-CD	PNL					PD					PDSR

Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) members: PNȚCD, PNL, PNL-CD (1 senator, shown in yellow), PAR (3 senators, shown in teal), PER (1 senator, shown in lime), Ecologist Federation of Romania (FER) (1 senator, shown in lightgreen). Social-Democratic Union (USD) was formed by PD and PSDR (1 senator, shown in pink).

Chamber of Deputies

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Romanian Democratic Convention	3,692,321	30.17	122	+40
	Social Democracy Party of Romania	2,633,860	21.52	91	−26
	Social Democratic Union^[a]	1,582,231	12.93	53	+10
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	812,628	6.64	25	−2
	Greater Romania Party	545,430	4.46	19	+3
	Romanian National Unity Party	533,384	4.36	18	−12
	Socialist Party	280,364	2.29	0	New
	Socialist Party of Labour	262,563	2.15	0	−13
	Romanian Socialist Party of Workers	212,303	1.73	0	New
	National Liberal Alliance	192,495	1.57	0	New
	Party of Pensioners of Romania	175,676	1.44	0	New
	National Union of the Centre	106,069	0.87	0	New
	National Peasant Party	102,831	0.84	0	0
	National Liberal Ecologist Alliance	96,412	0.79	0	New
	Party of the Roma	82,195	0.67	1	0
	Roma Union	71,020	0.58	0	New
	National Democratic Christian Party	69,380	0.57	0	New
	National Party of the Motorists	56,387	0.46	0	New
	Romanian Working Party	50,011	0.41	0	New
	New Romania Party	33,672	0.28	0	New
	Free Republican Party	29,576	0.24	0	0
	Ecological Convention Party of Romania	27,544	0.23	0	New
	Party of Reunification–Dacian-Latin Option	25,620	0.21	0	New
	Democratic Forum of Germans	23,888	0.20	1	0
	Party of Former Non-Communists and Political Prisoners	21,060	0.17	0	New
	Christian Democratic Union	19,693	0.16	0	0
	Party for the Motherland	17,841	0.15	0	New
	Republican Party	17,190	0.14	0	0
	Party of Social Protection of Romania	16,762	0.14	0	New
	Hungarian Free Democrat Party of Romania	14,333	0.12	0	New
	Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania	12,746	0.10	1	New
	Party of Private Entrepreneurs–Social Democratic Party	11,990	0.10	0	New
	Community of the Lippovan Russians	11,902	0.10	1	0
	Union of Armenians of Romania	11,543	0.09	1	0
	Italian Community of Romania	11,454	0.09	1	0
	Liberal Christian Party	10,345	0.08	0	New
	Association of Italians of Romania	9,833	0.08	0	New
	Romanian Socialist Party	9,103	0.07	0	New
	Cultural Union of Albanians of Romania	8,722	0.07	1	New
	Hellenic Union of Romania	8,463	0.07	1	0
	Party of the Revival of Romania 'Ion Mihalache'	7,751	0.06	0	New
	Party of the Romanian Revolution	7,340	0.06	0	New
	Union of the Ukrainians of Romania	7,165	0.06	1	0
	Democratic Union of Serbs and Carasovenians in Romania	6,851	0.06	1	0
	Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania	6,531	0.05	1	0
	Democratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tatars	6,319	0.05	1	0
	Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania	5,359	0.04	1	New
	Community of the Roma Ethnicity in Romania	5,227	0.04	0	New
	Democratic Turkish Union of Romania	4,326	0.04	1	0
	Democratic Union of Ukrainians in Romania	4,132	0.03	0	New
	Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania	4,115	0.03	0	−1
	Forum of the Szeklers Youth	2,142	0.02	0	New
	Union of Poles of Romania	1,842	0.02	1	0
	Federation of Italians in Romania	1,711	0.01	0	New
	Hellenic Union of Romania–Prahova Hellenic Community	1,509	0.01	0	New
	Party of Democratic Solidarity	1,352	0.01	0	New
	Community of Italians from Galați	791	0.01	0	New
	Community of Italians from Pitești	695	0.01	0	New
	General Union of the Associations of the Huțul Ethnicity	646	0.01	0	New
	Union of the Roma, Constanța County	640	0.01	0	New
	Union of Croatians of Romania	486	0.00	0	0
	Social Cultural Association in Romania	439	0.00	0	New
	Italian Community – Prahova County	437	0.00	0	New
	Federation of Italians in Romania – Italian Community Ovidius Constanta	311	0.00	0	New
	Independents	248,825	2.03	0	0
Invalid/blank votes		849,642	–	–	–
Total		13,088,388	100	343	+2
Registered voters/turnout		17,218,654	76.0	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, University of Essex

↓

81	28					43		25	15	18	19	91
PNȚ-CD	PNL					PD						PDSR

Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) members: PNȚCD, PNL, PNL-CD (4 deputies, shown in yellow), PAR (3 deputies, shown in teal), PER (5 deputies, shown in lime), Ecologist Federation of Romania (FER) (1 deputy, shown in lightgreen).

^a The Social Democratic Union was an alliance between the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR, 10 deputies, shown above in pink) and the Democratic Party (PD).

References

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1591 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Jane Perlez (3 November 1996). "Romanians Vote Today, But Change Isn't Likely". The New York Times.
3. Jane Perlez (18 November 1996). "Non-Communist Is Elected Romania's Leader". The New York Times.