1992 Lithuanian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania in two stages on 25 October and 15 November 1992.[1] All 141 members of the Seimas, which replaced the Supreme Council, were elected; 70 based on proportional party lists and 71 in single member constituencies. Where no candidate gained more than 50% of the vote on 25 October, a run-off was held on 15 November. The first round of the elections were held simultaneously with a referendum on the adoption of a new constitution.

1992 Lithuanian parliamentary election

25 October 1992 (first round) 15 November 1992 (second round)

Party Leader % Seats Democratic Labour Algirdas Brazauskas 43.98% 73 Sąjūdis Vytautas Landsbergis 21.17% 30 LKDP–LPKTS–LDP Povilas Katilius 12.61% 18 Social Democratic Aloyzas Sakalas 6.05% 8 LKDS–LTJS Kazys Bobelis 3.55% 1 Centre Union Romualdas Ozolas 2.52% 2 Association of Poles 2.14% 4 LTS–NP Rimantas Smetona 1.99% 4 Independent – – 1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Prime Minister before Prime Minister Aleksandras Abišala Independent Bronislovas Lubys Independent

The result was a victory for the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (LDDP), which won 73 seats. Analysts attributed the surprisingly decisive victory to support from farmers and the Russian and Polish minorities, as well as widespread dissatisfaction with the economic situation and the policies of the ruling Sąjūdis political movement, which only won 30 seats. The new constitution was approved with 56.76% of registered voters in favor.[2]

In the aftermath, the leader of the LDDP, Algirdas Brazauskas, was elected the Speaker of the Sixth Seimas and assumed the title of acting President of Lithuania. Bronislovas Lubys was appointed Prime Minister.

Electoral system

The elections were held under the terms of the new electoral law, adopted on 9 July 1992; on the same day, the election date was set for 25 October. The law provided for a mixed electoral system, with 70 MPs elected on proportional party lists and 71 MPs in single member constituencies. Run-off elections were to be held on 15 November in constituencies where no candidate received at least 50% of the votes cast.

The mixed electoral system was a compromise between the two main political powers, the Sąjūdis coalition, which preferred first past the post, and the ex-communist LDDP, which proposed proportional representation. The latter was confident of the appeal its political stance had with the voters but lacked popular personalities, while Sąjūdis was concerned about its falling approval ratings but counted among its members many of the individuals that had led Lithuania to independence from the Soviet Union. The mixed system was also expected to strike a balance between MPs representing the interests of their constituencies and the interests of their parties.[2]

To take any of the 70 seats allocated proportionally, the party needed to receive at least 4% of the popular vote. The threshold did not apply to electoral lists representing national minorities.[2]

Suffrage was granted based on citizenship of the former Soviet Union (with exceptions) as opposed to being based solely on the citizenship law of the pre-war Lithuanian republic.

Campaign

The main challenger to the ruling Sąjūdis nationalist movement, led by outgoing Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis, was the LDDP headed by Brazauskas. Sąjūdis – which had controlled the Supreme Council since February 1990 and spearheaded the move to independence – was criticized for the country's economic woes, while their opponents called for a slowdown in the pace of change to a free-market system and improved relations with Russia.[3] In the run-up to the elections, Sąjūdis portrayed the opposing political groups as communist and reactionary, opposed to independence and democracy. The LDDP proclaimed their political principles, including the foreign policy aims of membership of the Council of Europe, association agreement with the European Community, agreements with the International Monetary Fund and neighborly relations with Poland. They also called for agreements with Russia in order to secure traditional sources for materials and trade.[2]

Altogether 26 parties and political movements contested the elections, with 486 candidates contesting the single-seat constituencies. Opinion polls suggested that no political group would win a decisive majority and a coalition government seemed likely. Most participating parties ruled out joining a coalition government with the LDDP.[2]

Results

Polling procedures were witnessed by international observers. The LDDP won 73 seats (in April, 1993, the LDDP increased its tally to 76 seats), with analysts attributing their victory, among other things, to the party's support from farmers and the Russian and Polish minorities, as well as popular anger about the economic crisis, in particular the fuel shortages since Russia, the main supplier, had cut off imports.[3] The results showed widespread desire for a different political direction and dissatisfaction with the confrontational approach to politics used by Sąjūdis. The elections were even more disappointing for centrist political groups, which only received around 15% of the vote, despite many prominent individuals in their ranks.[2]

Party	Proportional			Constituency						Total seats
				First round			Second round
	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania	817,331	43.98	36	642,423	34.98	8	587,055	43.96	29	73
Sąjūdis coalition	393,500	21.17	17	338,531	18.43	1	331,221	24.80	12	30
LKDP–LPKTS–LDP	234,368	12.61	10	222,183	12.10	0	167,492	12.54	8	18
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania	112,410	6.05	5	166,277	9.05	0	51,487	3.86	3	8
LKDS–LTJS	66,027	3.55	0	24,363	1.33	0	11,591	0.87	1	1
Lithuanian Centre Movement	46,908	2.52	0	45,652	2.49	0	20,245	1.52	2	2
Association of Poles in Lithuania	39,772	2.14	2	35,191	1.92	1	7,304	0.55	1	4
LTS–NP	36,916	1.99	0	95,228	5.19	0	87,176	6.53	4	4
Liberal Union of Lithuania	28,091	1.51	0	48,120	2.62	0	–	–	–	0
Lithuanian Liberty League	22,034	1.19	0	11,616	0.63	0	–	–	–	0
National Progress Movement	19,835	1.07	0	59,496	3.24	0	16,582	1.24	0	0
Moderates Movement	13,002	0.70	0	41,223	2.24	0	9,816	0.74	0	0
Socio-Political Movement for Social Justice	9,730	0.52	0	5,013	0.27	0	–	–	–	0
Lithuanian Liberty Union	7,760	0.42	0	5,752	0.31	0	–	–	–	0
Lithuanian Movement "Chernobyl"	4,827	0.26	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	0
Lithuanian Commonwealth	4,159	0.22	0	7,996	0.44	0	5,770	0.43	0	0
Union of Lithuania's Patriots	1,904	0.10	0	582	0.03	0	–	–	–	0
Lithuanian Green Party	–	–	–	6,651	0.36	0	9,329	0.70	0	0
Lithuanian Consultative Assembly	–	–	–	5,175	0.28	0	–	–	–	0
Temperance Movement	–	–	–	970	0.05	0	–	–	–	0
Independents	–	–	–	74,004	4.03	0	30,432	2.28	1	1
Invalid/blank votes	59,453	–	–	81,581	–	–		–	–	–
Total	1,918,027	100	70	1,918,027	100	10	1,335,500	100	61	141
Registered voters/turnout	2,549,952	75.29	–	–	–	–	–	64.76	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, European Election Database

Aftermath

The decisive outcome of the elections surprised observers and even the LDDP themselves, who had expected to win 15–17 seats[2] and did not have enough names on its electoral list.[4] Sąjūdis reacted to their loss with disbelief and encouraged its supporters to join acts of civil disobedience.[2] Elections also caused dissentment in Sąjūdis membership and raised the need to form actual political party, the Homeland Union in 1993.

In the first session of the newly elected Sixth Seimas, Brazauskas was elected the Speaker of the Seimas and assumed the title of acting President of Lithuania. Brazauskas would go on to be elected President on 14 February 1993 in the country's first presidential elections. On 1 December 1992, Bronislovas Lubys, an independent business manager and politician, supported by the LDDP, was appointed as the Prime Minister.

References

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1201 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Blažytė-Baužienė, Danutė; Tamošaitis, Mindaugas; Truska, Liudas (2009). Lietuvos Seimo Istorija. XX-XXI a. pradžia (in Lithuanian). Lithuania: Baltos Lankos. pp. 336–341. ISBN 978-9955-23-322-0.
3. Elections held in 1992 Inter-Parliamentary Union
4. Sakalas, Aloyzas (11 April 2011). "Kodėl Sąjūdis pralaimėjo 1992 m. rinkimus" [Why Sąjūdis lost the 1992 elections] (in Lithuanian). Delfi.lt. Retrieved 17 January 2016.