1988 Tour de France
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial.
 Route of the 1988 Tour de France | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Race details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | 2–24 July | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stages | 22 + Prologue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distance | 3,286 km (2,042 mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Winning time | 84h 27' 53" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised.
Teams
The UCI had also introduced a rule that limited the number of cyclists in a race to 200. In 1987, the Tour had started with 207 cyclists, so because of this rule, the number of teams in the 1988 Tour was reduced from 23 to 22, of 9 riders, a total of 198.[1] 22 teams were announced two weeks before the Tour.[1][2] The Tour organisation named three reserve teams, in case one of the 22 teams was unable to start: Postobón–Ryalco, Roland–Colnago and TVM–Van Schilt.[1]
Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 42 were riding the Tour de France for the first time.[3] The average age of riders in the race was 27.56 years,[4] ranging from the 21-year-old Jean-Claude Colotti (RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic) to the 39-year-old Hennie Kuiper (Sigma–Fina).[5] The Caja Rural–Orbea cyclists had the youngest average age while the riders on AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia had the oldest.[6]
The teams entering the race were:[7]
- 7-Eleven–Hoonved
- AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia
- BH
- Café de Colombia
- Caja Rural–Orbea
- Carrera Jeans–Vagabond
- Chateau d'Ax
- Fagor–MBK
- Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker
- Kas–Canal 10
- Kelme
- Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu
- PDM–Ultima–Concorde
- Reynolds
- RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic
- Sigma–Fina
- Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago
- Système U–Gitane
- Teka
- Toshiba–Look
- Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster
- Z–Peugeot
Pre-race favourites
The winner of the 1987 Tour de France, Stephen Roche, was unable to defend his title as he was coming back from knee surgeries. The winner from 1986, Greg LeMond, had still not fully recovered from the hunting accident that caused him to miss the 1987 Tour, and did not start this Tour.[8] Remaining favourites were Pedro Delgado, who had finished in second place in 1987, and Andrew Hampsten, the winner of the 1988 Giro d'Italia, several weeks before the Tour.[8]
Route and stages
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) introduced the rule that a cycling race could not span three weekends. The Tour de France could therefore only start on Monday 4 July, and the prologue was removed. The Tour organisers were not happy with this, and they extended the Tour by adding a 'prelude' or 'preface' to the race, circumventing the rule by making it unofficial. Each team would ride for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), and one cyclist per team would then finish one kilometer on his own. The recorded times were not used for the rest of the Tour, but the cyclist with the fastest time would wear the yellow jersey in the next stage.[9]
The total length of this Tour was 3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi), which was the shortest since 1906.[8] Since 1910, Belgian cyclists had won at least one stage in every Tour, but in 1988 they did not win any stages.[8] There was one rest day, during which the cyclists were transferred from Villard-de-Lans to Blagnac.[10] The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 15.[11][12]
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 3 July | Pornichet to La Baule | 1 km (0.62 mi) |  | Individual time trial |  Guido Bontempi (ITA) |
| 1 | 4 July | Pontchâteau to Machecoul | 92 km (57 mi) |  | Plain stage | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Steve Bauer (CAN) |
| 2 | 4 July | La Haie-Fouassière to Ancenis | 48 km (30 mi) | | Team time trial | Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu |
| 3 | 5 July | Nantes to Le Mans | 213 km (132 mi) | | Plain stage |  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) |
| 4 | 6 July | Le Mans to Évreux | 158 km (98 mi) | | Plain stage |  Acácio da Silva (POR) |
| 5 | 7 July | Neufchâtel-en-Bray to Liévin | 148 km (92 mi) | | Plain stage | Jelle Nijdam (NED) |
| 6 | 8 July | Liévin to Wasquehal | 52 km (32 mi) | | Individual time trial |  Sean Yates (GBR) |
| 7 | 9 July | Wasquehal to Reims | 225 km (140 mi) | | Plain stage | Valerio Tebaldi (ITA) |
| 8 | 10 July | Reims to Nancy | 219 km (136 mi) | | Plain stage |  Rolf Gölz (FRG) |
| 9 | 11 July | Nancy to Strasbourg | 161 km (100 mi) |  | Hilly stage |  Jérôme Simon (FRA) |
| 10 | 12 July | Belfort to Besançon | 149 km (93 mi) | | Hilly stage | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) |
| 11 | 13 July | Besançon to Morzine | 232 km (144 mi) |  | Stage with mountain(s) |  Fabio Parra (COL) |
| 12 | 14 July | Morzine to Alpe d'Huez | 227 km (141 mi) | | Stage with mountain(s) | Steven Rooks (NED) |
| 13 | 15 July | Grenoble to Villard-de-Lans | 38 km (24 mi) |  | Mountain time trial |  Pedro Delgado (ESP) |
| 16 July | Blagnac | Rest day | ||||
| 14 | 17 July | Blagnac to Guzet-Neige | 163 km (101 mi) | | Stage with mountain(s) | Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) |
| 15 | 18 July | Saint-Girons to Luz Ardiden | 187 km (116 mi) | | Stage with mountain(s) | Laudelino Cubino (ESP) |
| 16 | 19 July | Luz Ardiden to Pau | 35 km (22 mi) | | Plain stage | Adrie van der Poel (NED) |
| 17 | 19 July | Pau to Bordeaux | 198 km (123 mi) | | Plain stage | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) |
| 18 | 20 July | Ruelle-sur-Touvre to Limoges | 94 km (58 mi) | | Plain stage | Gianni Bugno (ITA) |
| 19 | 21 July | Limoges to Puy de Dôme | 188 km (117 mi) | | Hilly stage |  Johnny Weltz (DEN) |
| 20 | 22 July | Clermont-Ferrand to Chalon-sur-Saône | 223 km (139 mi) | | Plain stage | Thierry Marie (FRA) |
| 21 | 23 July | Santenay | 46 km (29 mi) | | Individual time trial | Juan Martinéz (ESP) |
| 22 | 24 July | Nemours to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | 173 km (107 mi) | | Plain stage | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) |
| Total | 3,286 km (2,042 mi)[15] | |||||
Race overview
The prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, and the first official stage was won by Steve Bauer. Bauer lost the lead in the next stage, a Team Time Trial, to Teun van Vliet.[8] The favourites for the overall victory did not lose time in the first stages. The individual time trial of stage six did not change that, although some outsiders (Sean Kelly and Laurent Fignon) lost two minutes.[8]
In the eleventh stage, in hilly conditions, the first serious attacks were seen. Most contenders were able to stay in the main group, but Laurent Fignon and Jean-François Bernard lost a lot of time and were no longer seen as contenders.[8] The twelfth stage included higher climbs. Delgado escaped on the climb of the Glandon, and he was joined by Steven Rooks. On the descent, they were joined by Gert-Jan Theunisse and Fabio Parra; the other cyclists were unable to get to them. Close to the finish, Rooks escaped and won the stage, and Delgado became the new leader of the general classification.[8] Delgado won the next stage, an uphill individual time trial, and solidified his lead.[8]
In the fourteenth stage, the favourites stayed together, and other cyclists were allowed to go for the stage victory. Philippe Bouvatier and Robert Millar,[16] who had led over the previous two cols, were in the uphill sprint to win, until Bouvatier allowed himself to be misdirected by a gendarme 200 metres before the finish (at the point where the team cars were separated from the cyclists)[17] followed by Millar, and the victory went to Massimo Ghirotto. Ghirotto offered his prize (a new car) to Bouvatier[8] though Millar maintained he would have overhauled Bouvatier to win[18] and told CyclingNews in 2010 that "I don't know if the gendarme was to blame, I don't think he was, I know I would have come round Bouvatier in the sprint but then I ought to have dropped him before we got to that stage".[19]
In the fifteenth stage, Delgado increased his lead. He let Laudelino Cubino get away and claim the victory, because Cubino was no threat for the general classification, and finished in third place, gaining time on all his direct competitors.[8] Delgado further increased his lead in the nineteenth stage, by leaving the other cyclists behind him on the final climb of the day.[8] Delgado was aiming to win the twenty-first stage, an individual time trial, and was leading at all the intermediate check points, but lost time in the final part of the stage, finishing in fourth place. This was more than enough to secure the overall victory.[8]
Doping
During the race, it was announced that doping tests of Pedro Delgado and Gert-Jan Theunisse indicated they had used doping products.
In Delgado's case, it was probenecid. Probenecid was a doping product according to the International Olympic Committee not yet on the doping list of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), so Delgado was not sanctioned, and he remained the winner of the Tour.[10] Tour director Louy tried to convince Delgado to leave the race voluntarily, but Delgado refused.[20] Delgado admits that he took probenecid, but with the intention to assist the kidneys, not to mask anabolic steroids.[21]
Theunisse was found to have a high testosterone-level, which was on the UCI doping list. Theunisse received a penalty of ten minutes, which dropped him from fifth place to eleventh place in the general classification.[22]
One other cyclist was penalised during this Tour: Spanish cyclist Roque de la Cruz failed a doping test after the sixth stage, and was given the same penalty as Theunisse.[23]
In 2013, a notebook from the team doctor of the PDM team showed that all but one of the PDM cyclist were given doping in the 1988 Tour de France.[24]
The owners of the Tour de France thought that director Louy had handled the Delgado affair in the wrong way, and they fired him later that year. They appointed Jean-Marie Leblanc as his replacement.[20]
Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1988 Tour de France, six of them awarding jerseys to their leaders.[25] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[26]
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[27]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[28]
There was also a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the combination jersey.[29]
Another classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey.[30]
The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 25 years were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[29]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps.[30] For the last time, there was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.[30]
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[31] Jérôme Simon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[10] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 15. This prize was won by Laudelino Cubino.[32]
- The prologue was unofficial, but the winner Bontempi received a yellow jersey, and second-placed Peter Stevenhaagen received the green jersey.[36]
- In stage 10, 11 and 12, Steven Rooks wore the technicolour jersey.
Final standings
| Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Denotes the winner of the general classification |  |
Denotes the winner of the points classification |
 |
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification |  |
Denotes the winner of the young rider classification |
 |
Denotes the winner of the combination classification |  |
Denotes the winner of the intermediate sprints classification |
General classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Reynolds | 84h 27' 53" |
| 2 | Steven Rooks (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | + 7' 13" |
| 3 | Fabio Parra (COL) | Kelme | + 9' 58" |
| 4 | Steve Bauer (CAN) | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | + 12' 15" |
| 5 | Eric Boyer (FRA) | Système U–Gitane | + 14' 04" |
| 6 | Luis Herrera (COL) | Café de Colombia | + 14' 36" |
| 7 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | + 16' 52" |
| 8 | Álvaro Pino (ESP) | BH | + 18' 36" |
| 9 | Peter Winnen (NED) | Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu | + 19' 12" |
| 10 | Denis Roux (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | + 20' 08" |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Points classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Eddy Planckaert (BEL) | AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia | 278 |
| 2 |  Davis Phinney (USA) | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | 193 |
| 3 |  Sean Kelly (IRE) | Kas–Canal 10 | 183 |
| 4 | Steven Rooks (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 154 |
| 5 | Mathieu Hermans (NED) | Caja Rural–Orbea | 153 |
| 6 | Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | 141 |
| 7 | Etienne De Wilde (BEL) | Sigma–Fina | 133 |
| 8 | Adrie van der Poel (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 132 |
| 9 | Manuel Jorge Domínguez (ESP) | BH | 114 |
| 10 | Steve Bauer (CAN) | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | 108 |
Mountains classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Steven Rooks (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 326 |
| 2 | Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 248 |
| 3 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Reynolds | 223 |
| 4 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | 130 |
| 5 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | 127 |
| 6 | Fabio Parra (COL) | Kelme | 123 |
| 7 | Laudelino Cubino (ESP) | BH | 101 |
| 8 | Álvaro Pino (ESP) | BH | 98 |
| 9 | Samuel Cabrera (COL) | Café de Colombia | 82 |
| 10 | Luis Herrera (COL) | Café de Colombia | 80 |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Erik Breukink (NED) | Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu | 84h 50' 59" |
| 2 |  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | + 8' 08" |
| 3 |  Jaanus Kuum (NOR) | AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia | + 15' 47" |
| 4 | Peter Stevenhaagen (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | + 22' 21" |
| 5 | Philippe Bouvatier (FRA) | BH | + 25' 08" |
| 6 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Reynolds | + 40' 09" |
| 7 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | Chateau d'Ax | + 56' 03" |
| 8 | Marc van Orsouw (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | + 1h 07' 30" |
| 9 | Søren Lilholt (DEN) | Sigma–Fina | + 1h 28' 52" |
| 10 | Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | + 1h 34' 46" |
Combination classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Steven Rooks (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 84 |
| 2 | Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 70 |
| 3 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Reynolds | 63 |
| 4 | Eddy Planckaert (BEL) | AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia | 49 |
| 5 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | 47 |
| 6 | Steve Bauer (CAN) | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | 47 |
| 7 | Eric Boyer (FRA) | Système U–Gitane | 38 |
| 8 | Frans Maassen (NED) | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | 37 |
| 9 | Johnny Weltz (DEN) | Fagor–MBK | 30 |
| 10 | Frédéric Vichot (FRA) | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | 22 |
Intermediate sprints classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Frans Maassen (NED) | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | 276 |
| 2 | Eddy Planckaert (BEL) | AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia | 214 |
| 3 | Johnny Weltz (DEN) | Fagor–MBK | 64 |
| 4 | Davis Phinney (USA) | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | 55 |
| 5 | Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 50 |
| 6 | Ludo Peeters (BEL) | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | 35 |
| 7 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | 32 |
| 8 | Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | 30 |
| 9 | Martial Gayant (FRA) | Toshiba–Look | 30 |
| 10 | Bruno Leali (ITA) | Carrera Jeans–Vagabond | 30 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 253h 57' 58" |
| 2 | BH | + 12' 32" |
| 3 | Z–Peugeot | + 14' 43" |
| 4 | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | + 31' 23" |
| 5 | Système U–Gitane | + 32' 43" |
| 6 | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | + 37' 49" |
| 7 | Café de Colombia | + 44' 31" |
| 8 | Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu | + 58' 56" |
| 9 | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | + 1h 03' 56" |
| 10 | Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker | + 1h 25 28" |
Team points classification
| Rank | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | 1028 |
| 2 | 7-Eleven–Hoonved | 1713 |
| 3 | Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster | 1737 |
| 4 | Système U–Gitane | 1787 |
| 5 | Z–Peugeot | 1789 |
| 6 | Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker | 2065 |
| 7 | BH | 2197 |
| 8 | Kas–Canal 10 | 2404 |
| 9 | Fagor–MBK | 2482 |
| 10 | Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu | 2526 |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Z–Peugeot | 38 |
| 2 | Régis Clère (FRA) | Teka | 30 |
| 3 | Johnny Weltz (DEN) | Fagor–MBK | 30 |
| 4 | Pedro Delgado (ESP) | Reynolds | 25 |
| 5 | Rolf Gölz (FRG) | Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago | 24 |
References
- "TVM-ploeg derde reserve Tour". Limburgsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 16 June 1988. p. 23. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
- "75ème Tour de France 1988" [75th Tour de France 1988]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- "Tour de France 1988 – Debutants". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "Tour de France 1988 – Peloton averages". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "Tour de France 1988 – Youngest competitors". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "Tour de France 1988 – Average team age". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 178–184.
- Van den Bogaart, Ronnie. "Een merkwaardige tourstart" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- Augendre 2016, p. 79.
- Augendre 2016, p. 188.
- "Herrie om voorspel op zondag" [Noise for foreplay on Sunday]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 2 July 1988. p. 20 – via Delpher.
- Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC top ten". CVCCBike.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
- "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- Augendre 2016, p. 110.
- Robert Millar
- Reliquias del Ciclismo (30 April 2013). "Tour de Francia 1988 - Etapa 14 (Guzet Neige)" – via YouTube.
- Robert Millar#1988
- Farrand, Stephen (22 July 2010). "CN Exclusive: Robert Millar talks about the Tour, the Tourmalet and Team Sky". Cyclingnews.com. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- Vanwalleghem, Rik (17 July 2004). "Kuitenbijter, Spelregels". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- "Pedro Delgado turns 50 and reflects on his career". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- "Theunisse takes on coaching role at Rusvelo". VeloNation. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- "Delgado drugs shock". Glasgow Herald. 21 July 1988. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- "Seven out of eight PDM riders doped at 1988 Tour de France". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455.
- Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455.
- van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216.
- "Koersverloop" [Price trend]. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 19 July 1988. p. 9 – via De Krant van Toen.
- "1986 Tour de France results". Gazet van Antwerpen (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 17. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019.
- Martin 1988, pp. 122–123.
- van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1988" [Information about the Tour de France from 1988]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- "Groene trui voor Peter Stevenhaagen" [Green jersey for Peter Stevenhaagen]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Delpher. 4 July 1988. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – Stage 22 Nemours > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- "Uitslagen en eindklassementen Tour de France" [Results and final classifications of the Tour de France]. Het Parool (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.
- "Clasificaciones oficiales" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 July 1988. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019.
- "Tour in cijfers" [Tour in numbers]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.
Bibliography
- Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- Martin, Pierre (1988). Tour 88: The 1988 Tour of Italy and Tour de France. With contributions from: Penazzo, Sergio; Baratino, Dante; Schamps, Daniel; Vos, Cor. Keighley, UK: Kennedy Brothers Publishing. OCLC 19669680.
- McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007. 2. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.
- Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (2012). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2.
- van den Akker, Pieter (2018). Tour de France Rules and Statistics: 1903–2018. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-79398-080-9.
Further reading
- Liggett, Phil (1988). Tour de France 1988. London: Harrap Books and Channel 4. ISBN 978-0-245-54727-0.
External links
Media related to 1988 Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons
