1987 Pan American Games

The 1987 Pan American Games, officially known as the X Pan American Games, was a major international multi-sport event held in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, on August 7–23, 1987. Over 4,300 athletes from 38 countries in the Americas competed in 30 sports, earning 1,015 medals. Events were held at 23 venues in and around Indianapolis. The official mascot for the games was Amigo, a green parrot.

X Pan American Games

Host city	Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Nations	38
Athletes	4,360
Events	297 in 30 sports
Opening	August 8, 1987
Closing	August 23, 1987
Opened by	Vice President George H. W. Bush
Cauldron	Wilma Rudolph
Stadium	Indianapolis Motor Speedway
← 1983 Caracas 1991 Havana →

Host city selection

Santiago, Chile, was originally named the host of the tenth Pan American Games, but it withdrew in 1983 due to political and financial problems. Quito, Ecuador, was named to replace Santiago, but it also withdrew, in late 1984. Desperate, the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) held a new election. Indianapolis was planning to bid on the 1991 Games, but, at the request of the United States Olympic Committee, submitted a bid for 1987. Since many sports facilities were already in place, PASO announced on December 18, 1984, that Indianapolis would be the host.[1] Havana, Cuba, was also interested, but PASO appeased Fidel Castro, who had threatened to boycott the games, by agreeing to give Havana the 1991 games provided that Cuba participated at Indianapolis.[2]

Organization

The city of Indianapolis created an organizing committee called Pan American Ten/Indianapolis (PAX/I). It had eighteen operating divisions, 300 paid staff, and 37,000 volunteers.[1]

Amigo, the 1987 Pan American Games mascot.

Symbols

The logo of the 1987 Pan Am Games consisted of five stylized X's, the Roman numeral for ten. Designed by Michael Hayes of the JMH Corporation in Indianapolis, the seven colors represented the wildlife and flags of western hemisphere countries. The mascot was Amigo, a green parrot, designed by Jerry Reynolds of Perennial Pictures in Indianapolis. He represented friendliness and festivity. The official music of the X Pan American Games was Pan American Fanfare by Lalo Schifrin.

Broadcasting rights

The rights for the 1987 games were won by CBS with a bid of $4,000,000, and Brent Musburger hosted. CBS aired 26 hours of coverage, all on weekend afternoons, including live coverage of the Opening Ceremony from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Additionally, CBS provided the world feed. Because these games were first since the Cuban Revolution[2] in which Cuban athletes were competing in the United States, the ratings were boosted by their participation, providing a USA-Cuba showdown in many events.

Venues

Butler University's Hinkle Fieldhouse hosted volleyball.

The 1987 Pan Am Games were held at a total of 23 sites. The athletes village, which provided lodging and dining for the athletes, was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison.[1]

• Brown County State Park – biking
• Bush Stadium – baseball
• Eagle Creek Park – archery, canoeing, rowing[1]
• Circle Theatre – weightlifting
• Hinkle Fieldhouse – volleyball
• Hoosier Dome – closing ceremonies, gymnastics, handball
• Hoosier Horse Park - equestrian events[3]

• Indiana Convention Center – boxing

• Indiana University Natatorium – diving, swimming, synchronized swimming
• IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium – athletics
• Indianapolis Motor Speedway – opening ceremonies, speed roller skating
• Indianapolis Tennis Center – tennis
• Kuntz Memorial Soccer Stadium – soccer[1]
• Lake Michigan (Michigan City, Indiana) – yachting
• Major Taylor Velodrome – cycling
• Market Square Arena – basketball

Games

Opening ceremony

Opening ceremonies and speed roller skating were held in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

The opening ceremony was held on the main straight of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the site of the Indianapolis 500. Crowd size reports range from 69,518, the official capacity of the stadium proper,[4] to 80,000.[2] The show, The Magic that is America, was produced by The Walt Disney Company at a cost of several million dollars.[4] The 6,500 performers made it the largest outdoor live entertainment show held in the United States up to that date.[5] It was also the largest opening ceremony of the Pan Am games to that time.

Sandi Patty was a featured singer and the show included hot air balloons and military fighter jets. Dignitaries included IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, Indianapolis Mayor William H. Hudnut III, Indiana Governor Robert D. Orr, and PASO President Mario Vazquez Raña.

American Vice President George H. W. Bush officially opened the games,[2] and additional security protocols for his presence led to about 5000 people being delayed in lines, with twelve people fainting.[4]

Flag bearers in the Parade of Nations included the games' oldest athlete, 70-year-old yachtsman Durwood Knowles of the Bahamas, basketball star José Ortiz of Puerto Rico, and baseball pitcher Jim Abbott of the United States.[5] The Canadian delegation engaged with the crowd by playing frisbee with them. The final leg of the torch relay had the flame passed from Indianapolis-born basketball player Oscar Robertson to gymnast Kristie Phillips to sprinter Wilma Rudolph, also from Indianapolis, who lit the cauldron.[4]

During the opening ceremony, a plane chartered by anti-Castro Cuban-American activists flew a banner urging Cuban athletes to defect.[2]

Events

American Michael Bentt and Cuban Félix Savón in a boxing match

• Thirty sports were contested at the tenth Pan American Games for a total of 321 events. Five were contested for the first time in 1987, including handball.

Archery Athletics Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing

Field hockey Figure skating Football (soccer) Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Roller skating Rowing Sailing Shooting

Softball Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling

Participating nations

The United States' basketball team included a young David Robinson.

38 nations participated in the tenth Pan American Games. Four countries competed for the first time in 1987: Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and Grenada.[5]

Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Aruba  Bahamas  Barbados  Belize  Bermuda  Bolivia  Brazil  British Virgin Islands

Canada  Cayman Islands  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cuba  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  El Salvador  Grenada

Guatemala  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Jamaica  Mexico  Netherlands Antilles  Nicaragua  Panama  Paraguay

Peru  Puerto Rico  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago  United States  U.S. Virgin Islands  Uruguay  Venezuela

Protests involving the Cuban delegation during the games

Tension between Cuba and the United States had already been an issue with the selection of Indianapolis over Havana for the site of the games, and a Cuban boycott had been avoided only when Fidel Castro received a promise that the 1991 Pan American Games would be held in Havana. After the incident with a plane flying a banner urging Cuban athletes to defect in the opening ceremony, Cuban immigrants to the United States continued to use the games as a way to confront the Castro regime, using the Cuban athletes as a proxy. This games marked the first time since the Cuban Revolution that Cuban athletes had participated in the United States. At a baseball game in Bush Stadium between Cuba and the Netherlands Antilles the day after the opening ceremony, Cuban-American protestors taunted the Cuban players, threw flyers at them, and mocked them with offers of cash. A fight broke out, but only one bystander was injured and hospitalized after Indianapolis police broke up the fight by preventing the Cuban players from entering the stands. At a subsequent game against Puerto Rico, some Cuban players were able to enter the stands to chase protestors before being stopped.[2]

During boxing events at the Indiana Convention Center, anti-Castro Cuban-American protestors mocked the Cuban boxers from the stands. The police were unable to stop the Cuban boxers from entering the stands and punching the protestors in retaliation. According to witnesses, up to a dozen Cuban boxers, including Pablo Romero, as well as a hundred spectators were involved. Two people were hospitalized.[2] After these incidents Manuel Gonzalez Guerra, who was Cuba's top sports official, publicly demanded that organizers keep the anti-Castro protestors away from the Cuban athletes. In private, he also unsuccessfully asked the Indianapolis police chief to lock the activists up. Mark Miles, the president of the organizing committee, made a phone call to the Ronald Reagan administration in the White House, who subsequently pressed Cuban-American activists groups to dial down the pressure by the final week.[2]

Medal count

The United States received the most medals. Pictured here is their trap shooting team receiving gold.

^1	Host nation

To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States (USA) ^1 ^a	169/168	120/118	81/83	370/369
2	Cuba (CUB)	75	52	48	175
3	Canada (CAN) ^a	30	56/57	75	161/162
4	Brazil (BRA)	14	14	33	61
5	Argentina (ARG)	12	14	22	48

Note

^ The medal counts for the United States and Canada differ in various sources.

Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibition

Coinciding with the Pan American Games was the Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibition Art of the Fantastic: Latin America, 1920–1987. The exhibition presented 125 works by artists from a variety of nations, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[6] Well-known artists such as Frida Kahlo and Roberto Matta were featured, as well as artists who had never exhibited outside their native country.[7] The show was the first large-scale presentation of 20th-century Latin American art in the U.S. in over 20 years and was the museum's first contemporary exhibition to travel.[6]

Closing ceremony

Pan American Plaza in 1988. Closing ceremonies were held at the Hoosier Dome (background).

The closing ceremony took place in the Hoosier Dome. The headline act was Cuban American singer Gloria Estefan and her band Miami Sound Machine.[5] The choice of Castro-critic Estefan, who had fled with her family during the Cuban Revolution while her father stayed and was imprisoned, led the Cuban delegation to again threaten to boycott.[2] The organization committee defended the decision, saying that Estefan was hired because her latest album, Let It Loose, released two months before the games was a platinum hit. In the end, the Cuban delegation's protest was merely not to dance during her performance.[2]

Aftermath

After the Pan Am Games, the Indianapolis Tennis Center became the annual venue for the Indianapolis Tennis Championships.

The Pan Am Games brought about $175 million (1988 USD, $355.1 million 2016 USD) to Indianapolis's economy.[2][8][9] Hosting the Games cost about $30 million.[1] Indianapolis was the first Pan American Games host city to break even financially.[2][10]

Hosting the games also attracted many sports organizations to consider Indianapolis as a site for their headquarters, most notably the National Collegiate Athletic Association.[2]

References

1. Bodenhamer 1074
2. Higgins, Will (August 6, 2017). "Brawlers, provocateurs, even assassins: How Indy became a sports town". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
3. "Hoosier Horse Park". Johnson County Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
4. DWYRE, BILL (1987-08-09). "THE 1987 PAN AMERICAN GAMES : Bush League Problems at Gate : Crowd Control Fiasco Mars Opening in Indianapolis". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
5. The Games of August: Official Commemorative Book. Indianapolis: Showmasters. 1987. ISBN 978-0-9619676-0-4.
6. Berry, S.L. (2008). Every Way Possible: 125 Years of the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Indianapolis Museum of Art.
7. Alexander, Nancy (June 1987). "The Art of the Fantastic: The works of three generations of artists explore the Latin American experience in a dazzling new exhibit at the IMA". Indianapolis Magazine.
8. Price, Nelson (2004). Indianapolis Then & Now. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. p. 77. ISBN 1-59223-208-6.
9. "Inflation Calculator". US Inflation Calculator. US Inflation Calculator. Missing or empty |url= (help)
10. Bodenhamer 1495

Bodenhamer, David J. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-31222-8. Retrieved 2008-12-29.