1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran

The 1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran erupted in March 1967, as part of the long-running Kurdish separatist struggle. Abrahamian describes the revolt as a Marxist insurgency with the aim of establishing autonomy for Kurds in Iran, modeled as a federal republic.[3] The revolt, consolidating several tribal uprisings which had begun in 1966, was inspired by the First Iraqi–Kurdish War in neighboring Iraq and enjoyed the support of the recovering Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran,[4] previously crushed during the 1946 Iran crisis. The 1967 revolt, coordinated into a semi-organized campaign in the Mahabad-Urumiya region by the revived KDPI party, was entirely subdued by the central Iranian government.

1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran
Part of Kurdish separatism in Iran
Date 1967–1968 (according to Entessar)[1] 1966–1967 (according to UOA)[2] Location Iranian Kurdistan Result Kurdish revolt suppressed: KDPI retreats into underground until 1979
Belligerents
Persia	Revolutionary Committee leadership: Kurdish tribesmen KDP-I
Commanders and leaders
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Abd Allah Muini † Sulayman Muini  Mullah Aware † Ismail Sharif Zadeh † Qadir Sharif Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Eight leaders assassinated or executed 40+ killed by KDP
Total: 100 killed

Background

By 1941, when Reza Shah was deposed by the occupying British, his government had had some success in "pacifying" Kurdish tribes. In 1943, an important Kurdish party was established in Iran – the Committee of Kurdish Youth (Komala-i-Zhian-i-Kurd) – and in 1945 the movement transformed into the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI).[2] Both parties challenged the central Iranian government after World War II.The separatist conflict escalated in 1945, fuelled by Soviet Union support to the Kurds, and eventually leading to the Iran crisis of 1946, which included an attempt of KDPI to establish the independent Republic of Mahabad in Iranian Kurdistan.[2][5] The attempt failed, with the military victory of the Iranian forces and the Republic was abolished, with its leaders executed. Some 1,000 died during the crisis.[2] In the aftermath of Mahabad’s collapse, the KDP‐I "effectively ceased to exist",[4] with an exception of a handful of exiles in Iraq.[6] The party’s urban supporters essentially disappeared into obscurity and, for the next 15 years, there was virtually no Kurdish political activity.[4] The absence of a local Kurdish armed force in Iran, and of a large urban population ready to be mobilized against the central government, left Iranian Kurds waiting for an external shock to provide an opportunity, much as the Second World War had.[4]

Revival of KDPI and Kurdish battle of 1967

The shock for the Iranian Kurdish national movement came with the eruption of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War in neighboring Iraq in 1961.[4] When the 1958–1961 rapprochement in Iraq collapsed, the KDP‐Iran supported Iraqi Kurds; in the process, the leadership and subsequent social orientation of both Iran's and Iraq's Kurdish Democratic Parties turned conservative.[4] Facing a newly consolidated Iraqi government by 1965, Mulla Mustafa turned against his former military allies and KDP‐I supporters and came to an agreement with the Shah, that called for him to "restrain" KDP‐I activities against the Iranian government. Mullah Mustafa went further, "subordinating the struggle in Iran to that in Iraq" and "warning that KDP‐Iran militants would not be tolerated in Iraqi Kurdistan".[6] The result of this was that the conservative leadership of the KDP‐Iran was ousted and new, mostly former Iranian Tudeh (Communist) Party leaders took over the party's leadership.[4] They formed a Revolutionary Committee and declared their support for sporadic peasant uprisings against the National Police around Mahabad and Urumiya.[4] Lacking a significant social base, this new leadership was quickly crushed: even though the KDPI's forces managed to inflict serious losses on the Iranian army, they failed due to lack of logistical support. Within months, eight of the eleven members of the Revolutionary Committee had been murdered by Iranian soldiers, and the movement lasted less than eighteen months.[4] Over 40 KDPI party members were killed and their bodies handed over by Mullah Mustafa's men to the Iranian authorities.[6]

Aftermath

The surviving KDPI elements re-consolidated following the defeat, with bitterness against the betrayal of Mullah Mustafa.[6] From March 1970, a new "Provisional Central Committee" began to prepare a new part program, approved at the third KDPI party conference in Baghdad in June 1971.[6] During the third conference a new party secretary-general was elected – Abd al-Rahman Qasimlu.[6] Under his guidance, the Third Congress in 1973 adopted the slogan "Democracy for Iran, autonomy for Kurdistan", committing for the armed struggle.[6] Over the next years, KDPI found itself in-line with other opponents of the government, cooperating with some of the Marxist as well as Islamic parties.

The game changed with the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which failed to provide the Kurdish demands for autonomy, but on the contrary faced those with an even harsher bitterness than the previous monarch regime. The conflict between the new Iranian government and the KDPI and its allies gradually escalated, until reaching a point of no-return in March 1979. The outbreaking rebellion was led by the KDPI and its allies in Iranian Kurdistan, becoming the most violent uprising against the new Iranian government, following the Islamic Revolution of February 1979. The Kurdish rebellion was defeated in December 1982, with 10,000 killed and 200,000 displaced.[2]

Though defeated, the KDPI turned to open fighting once again between 1989 and 1996, as an insurrection by the KDPI took place in Iranian Kurdistan, due to the assassination of its exiled leader Ghassemlou in July 1989 by Iranian negotiators. The KDPI insurrection ended in 1996, when the KDPI announced a unilateral cease fire, having been subdued by targeted assassinations of its leaders and a crackdown on its supporters in Iran. Since the Iranian elections on 1997, a more moderate government eased the crackdown on KDPI as well. KDPI has retained a low level political activity in exile through the late 1990s and early 2000s, signing a cooperation agreement with Komala in 2012.

See also

• Iranian Kurdistan
• Kurdish people
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

References

1. Entessar, Nader (2010). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7391-4039-0. OCLC 430736528.
2. University of Arkansas. Political Science department. Iran/Kurds (1943-present). Retrieved 09 September 2012.
3. Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-691-05342-4. OCLC 7975938. ...these Kurdish Democrats raised the slogan "Democracy for Iran, Autonomy for Kurdistan," and called for an armed struggle to establish a federal republic modeled after that of Yugoslavia on the grounds that Iran, like Yugoslavia, contained many diverse nations.
4. Benjamin Smith. Land and Rebellion: Kurdish Separatism in Comparative Perspective.P.10. "The Kurds of Iran: Opportunistic and Failed Resistance, 1918‐".
5. The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga. p.27-28. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. McDowall. The modern history of the Kurds. Third Edition 2007. p. 252–253.