1892 Italian general election

General elections were held in Italy on 6 November 1892, with a second round of voting on 13 November.[1] The "ministerial" left-wing bloc emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 323 of the 508 seats.[2] The electoral system reverted to the pre-1882 method of using single-member constituencies with second round run-offs.[3]

1892 Italian general election

6–13 November 1892
All 508 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy
Leader Giovanni Giolitti Antonio Starabba di Rudinì Felice Cavallotti Party Historical Left Historical Right Historical Far Left Seats won 323 93 56 Seat change 78 45 14 Popular vote 1,075,244 309,873 186,263 Percentage 63.6% 18.3% 11.0% Swing 15.3% 8.9% 2.7%
Prime Minister before election Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì Historical Right Elected Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti Historical Left

Historical background

Giovanni Giolitti's first term as Prime Minister (1892–1893) was marked by misfortune and misgovernment. The building crisis and the commercial rupture with France had impaired the situation of the state banks, of which one, the Banca Romana, had been further undermined by misadministration. The Banca Romana had loaned large sums to property developers but was left with huge liabilities when the real estate bubble collapsed in 1887.[4] Then Prime Minister Francesco Crispi and his Treasury Minister Giolitti knew of the 1889 government inspection report, but feared that publicity might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report.[5]

The Bank Act of August 1893 liquidated the Banca Romana and reformed the whole system of note issue, restricting the privilege to the new Banca d'Italia – mandated to liquidate the Banca Romana – and to the Banco di Napoli and the Banco di Sicilia, and providing for stricter state control.[5][6] The new law failed to effect an improvement. Moreover, he irritated public opinion by raising to senatorial rank the governor of the Banca Romana, Bernardo Tanlongo, whose irregular practices had become a byword, which would have given him immunity from prosecution.[7] The senate declined to admit Tanlongo, whom Giolitti, in consequence of an intervention in parliament upon the condition of the Banca Romana, was obliged to arrest and prosecute. During the prosecution Giolitti abused his position as premier to abstract documents bearing on the case.

Simultaneously a parliamentary commission of inquiry investigated the condition of the state banks. Its report, though acquitting Giolitti of personal dishonesty, proved disastrous to his political position, and the ensuing Banca Romana scandal obliged him to resign.[8] His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with France strained in consequence of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, and a state of revolt in the Lunigiana and by the Fasci Siciliani in Sicily, which he had proved impotent to suppress. Despite the heavy pressure from the King, the army and conservative circles in Rome, Giolitti neither treated strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime, nor dissolved the Fasci, nor authorised the use of firearms against popular demonstrations.[9] His policy was “to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers” and not to interfere in the process.[10]

Parties and leaders

Party		Ideology	Leader
	Historical Left	Liberalism, Centrism	Giovanni Giolitti
	Historical Right	Conservatism, Monarchism	Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
	Historical Far Left	Republicanism, Radicalism	Felice Cavallotti

Results

← Summary of November 1892 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Historical Left	1,075,244[lower-alpha 1]	63.6	323	−78
	Historical Right	309,873[lower-alpha 1]	18.3	93	+45
	Historical Far Left	186,263[lower-alpha 1]	11.0	56	+14
	Others	120,224[lower-alpha 1]	7.1	36	+19
Invalid/blank votes		37,901	–	–	–
Total		1,693,298	100	508	±0
Registered voters/turnout		2,934,445	55.9	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

1. Estimate

Parliamentary seats Historical Left   63.6% Historical Right   18.3% Historical Far Left   11.0% Others   7.1%

References

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Nohlen & Stöver, p1082
3. Nohlen & Stöver, p1030
4. Alfredo Gigliobianco and Claire Giordano, Economic Theory and Banking Regulation: The Italian Case (1861-1930s) Archived 2012-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Quaderni di Storia Economica (Economic History Working Papers), Nr. 5, November 2010
5. Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 154-56
6. Pohl & Freitag, Handbook on the history of European banks, p. 564
7. Duggan, The Force of Destiny, p. 340
8. Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People, The New York Times, November 25, 1893
9. De Grand, The hunchback's tailor, pp. 47-48
10. Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 162-63