(33342) 1998 WT₂₄

(33342) 1998 WT₂₄ is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) of the Aten group, located in Venus's zone of influence that has frequent close encounters with Mercury, Venus, and Earth.[1] It made a close approach to Earth on 11 December 2015, passing at a distance of about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances)[10] and reaching about apparent magnitude 11.[11]

(33342) 1998 WT₂₄

Tracks of asteroid 1998 WT24
Discovery [1]
Discovered by	LINEAR
Discovery site	Lincoln Lab's ETS
Discovery date	25 November 1998
Designations
MPC designation	(33342) 1998 WT24
Alternative designations	1998 WT24
Minor planet category	Aten NEO PHA [1][2]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 28 June 2009 (JD 2455010.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	18.98 yr (6,933 days)
Aphelion	1.0187 AU
Perihelion	0.4182 AU
Semi-major axis	0.7185 AU
Eccentricity	0.4179
Orbital period	0.61 yr (222 days)
Mean anomaly	344.05°
Mean motion	1° 37^m 6.24^s / day
Inclination	7.3419°
Longitude of ascending node	82.000°
Argument of perihelion	167.30°
Earth MOID	0.0097 AU (3.8 LD)
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter	0.35±0.04 km[3] 0.410 km (taken)[4] 0.415±0.040 km[5]
Rotation period	3.6970±0.0002 h[5] 3.697±0.0006 h[6][lower-alpha 1] 3.697 h[7] 3.6977±0.0023 h[lower-alpha 2] 3.698 h[lower-alpha 3] 3.7±0.1 h[8]
Geometric albedo	0.34±0.2[5] 0.56±0.2[3] 0.75±0.35[9]
Spectral type	E [9] S [4]
Absolute magnitude (H)	17.9[1] 18.5±0.3[3] 18.69[4] 18.69±0.3[5]

The asteroid was discovered on 25 November 1998 by LINEAR about four months after a close encounter with the planet Mercury (about 0.047 AU).[1] It measures approximately 400 meters in diameter. It is also one of the best studied PHAs and was the 10th Aten asteroid to be numbered.

Classification and orbit

Radar observation during 2001 encounter

1998 WT₂₄ orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.42–1.02 AU once every 7 months (222 days; semi-major axis of 0.72 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.[1]

Low aphelion

At the time of its discovery, astronomers were trying to find the first Apohele asteroid (one that is always closer to the Sun than Earth). All asteroids known at the time that got closer to the Sun than Earth also crossed Earth's orbit. Earlier that year, David J. Tholen claimed to have spotted the first Apohele asteroid, which was dubbed 1998 DK36. However, the object was lost without being confirmed. Thus, 1993 DA remained the asteroid with the lowest known aphelion at 1.023 AU. When 1998 WT₂₄ was discovered, it was found to have a slightly smaller aphelion (1.019 AU) than 1993 DA, and was thus the closest thing to an Apohele asteroid known at the time. It lost its smallest aphelion title almost immediately when (415713) 1998 XX2 was discovered only a few weeks later (aphelion = 1.014 AU). Asteroids with even smaller aphelions were discovered until February 2003, when finally, an asteroid with an aphelion smaller than 1.000 AU was discovered. This was 163693 Atira, the first confirmed Apohele asteroid.

Venus zone of influence

1998 WT₂₄ was the second asteroid discovered to be close enough to Venus as to be within the major planet's zone of influence. It is located at about the inner edge of the zone, while (99907) 1989 VA, the first asteroid discovered there, is at about the outer edge. It is possible for planets to capture asteroids located in their sphere of influences into co-orbital relationships such as Trojan and horseshoe asteroids. Because of its frequent close encounters with Mercury and Earth, however, it may prove difficult for Venus to keep 1998 WT₂₄ in a co-orbital relationship for any length of time. Of the six objects in Venus's zone of influence, only one (2002 VE68) is currently a co-orbital.

Record close encounter

1998 WT₂₄ is a potentially hazardous asteroid. That means its orbit takes it very close to Earth and if it were to collide with our planet, it would cause devastation on at least a regional scale. On 16 December 2001,[1] it became the first PHA to be observed passing within 5 Lunar Distances (the average distance between Earth and the Moon) from Earth. Other asteroids have come closer, and numerous have even come closer than the Moon, but these have all been small asteroids, incapable of causing much damage to the planet, or much concern. The 2001 encounter was the closest known approach to Earth any PHA had made since (192642) 1999 RD32 passed by on 27 August 1969.[12] However, 1999 RD₃₂ was not discovered until September 1999 many years after its closest approach, so no one knew about 1999 RD₃₂ in 1969.

Notable close-approaches to Earth[1]

Date	Distance from Earth
1908-12-16	0.00907 AU (1,357,000 km; 843,000 mi)
1956-12-16	0.009054 AU (1,354,500 km; 841,600 mi)
2001-12-16	0.012485 AU (1,867,700 km; 1,160,600 mi)
2099-12-18	0.012640 AU (1,890,900 km; 1,175,000 mi)

In September 2004, the well known PHA 4179 Toutatis came about 4 Lunar Distances from Earth. Due to its diameter being over ten times larger (5.7 km) and its closer approach, Toutatis at its closest (mag 8.9) was about half an apparent magnitude brighter than 1998 WT₂₄ was at its closest (mag 9.5).[12] However, Toutatis arrived during a full moon, and thus 1998 WT₂₄'s 2001 encounter is still the most easily observed flyby of an asteroid in history. It also made 1998 WT₂₄ the first Near-Earth asteroid observed to be brighter than magnitude 10.

History of close approaches of large near-Earth objects since 1908 ^(A)

PHA	Date	Approach distance (lunar dist.)			Abs. mag (H)	Diameter ^(C) (m)	Ref ^(D)
		Nomi- nal^(B)	Mini- mum	Maxi- mum
(33342) 1998 WT24	1908-12-16	3.542	3.537	3.547	17.9	556–1795	data
(458732) 2011 MD5	1918-09-17	0.911	0.909	0.913	17.9	556–1795	data
(7482) 1994 PC1	1933-01-17	2.927	2.927	2.928	16.8	749–1357	data
69230 Hermes	1937-10-30	1.926	1.926	1.927	17.5	668–2158	data
69230 Hermes	1942-04-26	1.651	1.651	1.651	17.5	668–2158	data
(137108) 1999 AN10	1946-08-07	2.432	2.429	2.435	17.9	556–1795	data
(33342) 1998 WT24	1956-12-16	3.523	3.523	3.523	17.9	556–1795	data
(163243) 2002 FB3	1961-04-12	4.903	4.900	4.906	16.4	1669–1695	data
(192642) 1999 RD32	1969-08-27	3.627	3.625	3.630	16.3	1161–3750	data
(143651) 2003 QO104	1981-05-18	2.761	2.760	2.761	16.0	1333–4306	data
2017 CH1	1992-06-05	4.691	3.391	6.037	17.9	556–1795	data
(170086) 2002 XR14	1995-06-24	4.259	4.259	4.260	18.0	531–1714	data
(33342) 1998 WT24	2001-12-16	4.859	4.859	4.859	17.9	556–1795	data
4179 Toutatis	2004-09-29	4.031	4.031	4.031	15.30	2440–2450	data
2014 JO25	2017-04-19	4.573	4.573	4.573	17.8	582–1879	data
(137108) 1999 AN10	2027-08-07	1.014	1.010	1.019	17.9	556–1795	data
(35396) 1997 XF11	2028-10-26	2.417	2.417	2.418	16.9	881–2845	data
(154276) 2002 SY50	2071-10-30	3.415	3.412	3.418	17.6	714–1406	data
(164121) 2003 YT1	2073-04-29	4.409	4.409	4.409	16.2	1167–2267	data
(385343) 2002 LV	2076-08-04	4.184	4.183	4.185	16.6	1011–3266	data
(52768) 1998 OR2	2079-04-16	4.611	4.611	4.612	15.8	1462–4721	data
(33342) 1998 WT24	2099-12-18	4.919	4.919	4.919	17.9	556–1795	data
(85182) 1991 AQ	2130-01-27	4.140	4.139	4.141	17.1	1100	data
314082 Dryope	2186-07-16	3.709	2.996	4.786	17.5	668–2158	data
(137126) 1999 CF9	2192-08-21	4.970	4.967	4.973	18.0	531–1714	data
(290772) 2005 VC	2198-05-05	1.951	1.791	2.134	17.6	638–2061	data
^(A) List includes near-Earth approaches of less than 5 lunar distances (LD) of objects with H brighter than 18. ^(B) Nominal geocentric distance from the Earth's center to the object's center (earth radius≈6400 km). ^(C) Diameter: estimated, theoretical mean-diameter based on H and albedo range between X and Y. ^(D) Reference: data source from the JPL SBDB, with AU converted into LD (1 AU≈390 LD) ^(E) Color codes:   unobserved at close approach   observed during close approach   upcoming approaches

Frequent inner-planet encounters

1998 WT₂₄ is a Mercury-crosser asteroid, a Venus-crosser asteroid, and an Earth-crosser asteroid. Because of its relatively low inclination (7.34°), it is able to come close to each of these planets. Its orbit takes it within 0.021 AU of Mercury's orbit, 0.0368 AU of Venus's orbit, and 0.00989 AU of Earth's orbit. It makes frequent encounters with these inner planets. The last time it came close to Mercury, Venus and Earth was 2010, 1977, and 12 November 2004, respectively.[1] The most recent close approach to Earth was on 11 December 2015 at about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances). The next visit of the asteroid to Earth's neighborhood will be on 11 November 2018, when it will make a relatively distant pass at about 20 million kilometers (12.5 million miles, 52 lunar distances).[10] These encounters perturb its orbit parameters slightly, and each pass reduces its inclination further.

Physical characteristics

During its close encounters in 2001 and 2015, astronomers were able to make radar images of its surface and determine physical properties that remain unknown for most asteroids.[10] According to the ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer Exploration Science program, 1998 WT₂₄ is a bright E-type asteroid with an exceptionally high albedo of 0.75±0.35.[9]

Diameter and albedo

1998 WT₂₄ measures between 350 and 415 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.34 and 0.75.[3][5][9][lower-alpha 3] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link an albedo of 0.34 and takes a diameter of 410 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 18.69.[4] The asteroid is modestly elongated, approximately 420 × 330 meters.

Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of 1998 WT₂₄ have been obtained from radiometric and photometric observations.[5][6][7][8][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3] Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.697 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.19 and 0.65 magnitude (U=3).[4][lower-alpha 1]

Future flyby candidate

1998 WT₂₄ has an orbit that not only crosses Earth's orbit, but is roughly parallel to it at its furthest. This means that during favourable years it is easy to reach from Earth. Several times this decade, it will be an easier target than Earth's own Moon. It is high on the list of possible Near-Earth Asteroid targets for future flybys, landings, mining, or orbit manipulations.

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 January 2002.[13] As of 2018, it has not been named.[2]

See also

• List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015

Notes

1. Several lightcurve plots of (33342) obtained at the Center for Solar System Studies by B. D. Warner (2015).
2. Pravec (2001) web. Observations from December 2001. Rotation period 3.6977±0.0023 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 mag. Quality Code of 3. Summary figures for (33342) at the LCDB and Pravec, P.; Wolf, M.; Sarounova, L. (2001), see Ondrejov data obtained by the NEO Photometric Program and collaborating projects
3. Robinson (2011) web: rotation period 3.698 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 mag. Quality Code of 3. Summary figures for (33342) at the LCDB

References

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 33342 (1998 WT24)" (2017-11-17 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
2. "(33342) 1998 WT24". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
3. Harris, Alan W.; Mueller, Michael; Delbó, Marco; Bus, Schelte J. (June 2007). "Physical characterization of the potentially hazardous high-albedo Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT 24 from thermal-infrared observations" (PDF). Icarus. 188 (2): 414–424. Bibcode:2007Icar..188..414H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.003.
4. "LCDB Data for (33342)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 30 January 2018.
5. Busch, Michael W.; Benner, Lance A. M.; Ostro, Steven J.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Jurgens, Raymond F.; Rose, Randy; et al. (June 2008). "Physical properties of near-Earth Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24 [ Erratum: 2008Icar..197..375B ]". Icarus. 195 (2): 614–621. Bibcode:2008Icar..195..614B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.020.
6. Warner, Brian D. (April 2016). "Near-Earth Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2015 October–December". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (2): 143–154. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..143W. ISSN 1052-8091.
7. Krugly, Yu. N.; Belskaya, I. N.; Chiorny, V. G.; Shevchenko, V. G.; Gaftonyuk, N. M. (November 2002). "CCD photometry of near-Earth asteroids in 2001". In: Proceedings of Asteroids. 500: 903–906. Bibcode:2002ESASP.500..903K.
8. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (33342) 1998 WT24". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
9. Thomas, C. A.; Trilling, D. E.; Emery, J. P.; Mueller, M.; Hora, J. L.; Benner, L. A. M.; et al. (September 2011). "ExploreNEOs. V. Average Albedo by Taxonomic Complex in the Near-Earth Asteroid Population". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (3): 12. Bibcode:2011AJ....142...85T. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/85.
10. "Asteroid Looks Even Better Second Time Around". NASA JPL. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
11. "(33342) 1998WT24 Ephemerides for December 2015". NEODyS-2 (Near Earth Objects – Dynamic Site). Retrieved 14 October 2015.
12. "Bright Asteroid". NASA Science. 14 December 2001. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

External links

• IMAGES OF ASTEROID 1998 WT24 – NASA
• Physical properties of near-Earth Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24 – shape model of 1998 WT24 from Goldstone and Arecibo radar imaging 2001
• Radar Investigations of Asteroid 33342 (1998 WT24) in December 2001 with Evpatoria-Medichina and Goldstone-Medichina Bistatic Systems
• (33342) 1998 WT24 at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
  • Ephemeris · Obs prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Obs info · Close · Physical info · NEOCC
• (33342) 1998 WT24 at ESA–space situational awareness
  • Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical Properties · Summary
• (33342) 1998 WT24 at the JPL Small-Body Database
  • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters