Đồng Khánh

Full name
	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Thị (阮福膺豉); Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺); Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đường (阮福膺禟); Nguyễn Phúc Biện (阮福昪)
Era name and dates
	Đồng Khánh (同慶): 1885–1889
Posthumous name
	Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝); Phối Thiên Minh Vận Hiếu Đức Nhân Vũ Vĩ Công Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (配天明運孝德仁武偉功弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝) (1916)
Temple name
	Cảnh Tông (景宗)

Emperor Đồng Khánh
同慶帝
Emperor Đồng Khánh; 同慶帝
	Emperor of Đại Nam under French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin
	Emperor Đồng Khánh
Emperor of Đại Nam
Reign	19 September 1885–28 January 1889
Predecessor	Hàm Nghi
Successor	Thành Thái
Emperor of Nguyễn Dynasty
Reign	19 September 1885–28 January 1889
Predecessor	Hàm Nghi
Successor	Thành Thái
Born	19 February 1864; Imperial City, Huế, Đại Nam
Died	January 28, 1889 (aged 24); Imperial City, Huế, Annam, French Indochina
Burial	Tư Lăng
Spouse	11 concubines
Issue	9 including 6 sons and 3 daughter; prince Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo
Full name
	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Thị (阮福膺豉); Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺); Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đường (阮福膺禟); Nguyễn Phúc Biện (阮福昪)
Era name and dates
	Đồng Khánh (同慶): 1885–1889
Posthumous name
	Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝); Phối Thiên Minh Vận Hiếu Đức Nhân Vũ Vĩ Công Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (配天明運孝德仁武偉功弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝) (1916)
Temple name
	Cảnh Tông (景宗)
House	Nguyễn
Father	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai (son of Thiệu Trị)
Mother	Concubine Bùi Thị Thanh
Religion	Ruism, Buddhism
Signature

Đồng Khánh (Hanoi: [ɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ xajŋ̟˧˦], Hán tự: 同慶, lit. "collective celebration"; 19 February 1864 – 28 January 1889), born Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺) or Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đường (阮福膺禟), also known as Chánh Mông (正蒙), was the ninth emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam. He reigned three years between 1885 and 1889. His royal temple name was Cảnh Tông (景宗).

Biography

Đồng Khánh was born on 19 December 1864 at Imperial City of Huế. He got the childhood name Chánh Mông when he was brought up in Chánh Mông palace. Đồng Khánh was the eldest son of Prince Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai (son of emperor Thiệu Trị) and Concubine Bùi Thị Thanh.

As his uncle, Emperor Tự Đức, had no children, Đồng Khánh was adopted and given the title Kiên Giang quận công (Duke of Kiên Giang).

Rule

Imperial examination at Nam Định during Đồng Khánh's era in 1888.

After the French armies captured the city of Huế and the Purple Forbidden City fell to the French, the court regents Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết took the young Emperor Hàm Nghi and escaped from the Purple Forbidden City of Huế, and took him to the mountains as the figurehead of a revolutionary movement against the French. To take away the legitimacy of Hàm Nghi, general de Courcy and résident de Champeaux of France asked the empress dowager Nghi Thiên to enthrone prince Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (Hàm Nghi's elder half brother). On 19 September 1885, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ had to go to the governor of Annam to attend his coronation; he became the ninth emperor of Đại Nam with the era name of Đồng Khánh.

The emperor showed himself as a Pro-French ruler and this was also mentioned in the diary of Trần Trọng Kim:

"Emperor Đồng Khánh had a gentle personality, loved to wear luxurious jewelry and adopted French culture[,] therefore [the] French colonial government gave favor to him. After the dethroned emperor Hàm Nghi fled to Quảng Bình, Đồng Khánh accepted the French request of travelling to Quảng Bình to persuade Hàm Nghi and his loyal subjects [to] surrender but [was] unsuccessful. After that, Hàm Nghi was betrayed by his loyal subject Trương Quang Ngọc[;] then he was captured by [the] French and exiled [to] Algérie."

Death

On 28 January 1889, Đồng Khánh died at aged 24 after reigning for three years. He was granted the posthumous name Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝), with the temple name Cảnh Tông (景宗).

In 1916, his son (Emperor Khải Định) granted him the name Phối Thiên Minh Vận Hiếu Đức Nhân Vũ Vĩ Công Hoằng Liệt Thông Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế (配天明運孝德仁武偉功弘烈聰哲敏惠純皇帝). He was buried in Tư Lăng mausoleum (思陵), which is located at Dương Xuân Thượng village, Hương Thuỷm commune, Thừa Thiên Province.

Portrait of Emperor Đồng Khánh.
Emperor Đồng Khánh on his throne.

Relatives

Madame Nhu, the First Lady of South Vietnam from 1955–63, was a great-granddaughter of Đồng Khánh.[1][2][3]

Father: Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai (阮福洪侅), title Thuần Nghị Kiên Thái Vương (純毅堅太王).
Mother: Bùi Thị Thanh (裴氏清), title Thuần Nghị Kiên Thái Vương Phi (純毅堅太王妃).
Wife and Concubine:


Rank	Title	Family name	Born/Died	Note
Imperial noble consort	Empress Phụ Thiên Thuần 輔天純皇后	Nguyễn Hữu (Nguyễn Hữu Độ's daughter)	1870-1935	courtesy name Học Khương (學姜); historical book record as Đức Thánh Cung (德聖宮). Daughter of Vĩnh Lai Quận Công (Duke of Vĩnh Lai), House of secret council mandarin Nguyễn Hữu Độ. She was the first one who becomes the Imperial Noble consort (equivalent to the empress of Nguyen dynasty) and never been a title of concubine before. When her husband died and his son was young, the new Emperor stripped all her title, Khai Dinh became the Emperor then she became The Empress dowager, after The imperial consort dowager of Dương family became the Khôn Nghi Empress Dowager she became Khôn Nguyên Empress Dowager.
Third rank Concubine Nghi	Empress Hựu Thiên Thuần 佑天純皇后	Dương (Dương Quang Hướng's daughter)	1868-1944	hometown in Phú Lộc commune, Thừa Thiên province, Daughter of Phú Lộc Quận công (Duke of Phú Lộc) Dương Quang Hướng. She is the mother of Emperor Khải Định. She was the Sixth rank lady, and the Emperor promoted her to the Forth rank concubine Hòa, and then the third rank concubine Nghi, Khai Dinh Emperor gave her the title of The imperial consort dowager in 1916, The Empress dowager Khôn Nghi in 1923 and Bao Dai become the Emperor, she now was the great empress dowager Khôn Nghi in 1933. She was the last Great Empress Dowager of Vietnam.
Concubine Nghĩa	The 1^st rank consort Quý	Nguyễn		The first official wife of the Emperor, she died before her husband becomes Emperor. She was the Concubine Nghĩa and Khai Dinh Emperor gave her the title of the First rank consort but not the Empress.
5^th rank concubine Tùy	The 2^nd rank Consort Quán	Trần Đăng		She was the highest rank consort of the Emperor harem, because of her vulgar behavior, the emperor stripped her first rank title of consort and demoted her to the fifth rank concubine Tùy. Emperor Khai Dinh gave her back the title first rank consort Quan.
8^th rank lady	The 2^nd rank Consort Giai	Phan Văn		She was the first rank consort Giai and she had a right to support the Imperial noble consort of Nguyễn Hữu family in control of the harem's life. Due to her dismiss of her duty and she loses the jewel of the palace so the Emperor demoted her to the eight rank lady. Like Consort Quan, Khai Dinh Emperor gave her back the first rank title consort Giai.
8^th rank lady	Concubine Chính	Hồ Văn		She was the Concubine Chính but she was be demoted to the eighth rank lady due to her laziness
9^th rank lady	The 3^rd rank Concubine Nghi	Nguyễn Văn		she was the Concubine Chính, due to her cruel and she harm the other concubine of the Emperor, he demoted her to the shortest rank of the harem.
Concubine Dự	Concubine Dự	Trần Văn
6^th rank lady	6^th rank lady	Hồ		she born 3 princesses
6^th rank lady	6^th rank lady	Mai Văn
7^th rank lady	7^th rank lady	Nguyễn văn
8^th rank lady	8^th rank lady	Nguyễn Hữu
9^th rank lady	9^th rank lady	Trịnh Văn
Palace maid		Mai
Palace maid Thị Điền		Nguyễn
Palace maid Bá Hiệp				Hân Hân Princes's mother
Palace maid Lưu Ngân

Successors:
Princes:

Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹): emperor Khải Định
An Hóa Quận vương (Duke of An Hóa) Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Tung (安化郡王阮福寶𡾼)
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Nguy (阮福宝巍).
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Nga (阮福寶峨).
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Cát (阮福寶嶱).
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Quyền (阮福寶巏).

Princess:

Ngọc Lâm princess "Nguyễn Phúc Hỷ Duyệt" (玉林公主阮福喜悦).
Ngọc Sơn princess "Nguyễn Phúc Hỷ Hỷ" (玉山公主阮福喜喜).
Princess Nguyễn Phúc Hân Hân.

References

Erica J. Peters - Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: 2011 "His dramatic embrace of Western grand cuisine met with the approval of his French overlords, though whether other Vietnamese saw Đồng Khánh as manipulating the French or as a puppet depended on their own political perspective."
Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan - Page 27 "Meanwhile, Đồng Khánh assumed the throne after Hàm Nghi vas removed from power. To some degree Đồng Khánh benefited from French efforts to restore Some prestige to the Vietnamese monarchy, the demise of which was one of the ..."
Christian Culas, François Robinne Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia: Considering the Other 2009 "EMPEROR ĐồNG KHÁNH'S DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY (1888) Another important source written in characters on the ethnic populations of northern Vietnam is the Emperor Đồng Khánh's Descriptive Geography (Ngô Duc Tho, Nguyên Văn .

Regnal titles
Đồng Khánh Nguyễn Dynasty Born: 19 February 1864 Died: 28 January 1889
Preceded by Hàm Nghi	Emperor of Vietnam 1885–1889	Succeeded by Thành Thái

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[1] Erica J. Peters - Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: 2011 "His dramatic embrace of Western grand cuisine met with the approval of his French overlords, though whether other Vietnamese saw Đồng Khánh as manipulating the French or as a puppet depended on their own political perspective."

[2] Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan - Page 27 "Meanwhile, Đồng Khánh assumed the throne after Hàm Nghi vas removed from power. To some degree Đồng Khánh benefited from French efforts to restore Some prestige to the Vietnamese monarchy, the demise of which was one of the ..."

[3] Christian Culas, François Robinne Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia: Considering the Other 2009 "EMPEROR ĐồNG KHÁNH'S DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY (1888) Another important source written in characters on the ethnic populations of northern Vietnam is the Emperor Đồng Khánh's Descriptive Geography (Ngô Duc Tho, Nguyên Văn .