Červená Voda (Ústí nad Orlicí District)

Červená Voda (German: Mährisch Rothwasser) is a municipality and village in the Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,000 inhabitants. it is situated in a valley 19 km north-west from the town of Šumperk.

Červená Voda
Municipality
Prospect of Červená Voda
Flag
Coat of arms
Etymology: Red water
Červená Voda
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°3′N 16°45′E
Country Czech Republic
RegionPardubice
DistrictÚstí nad Orlicí
First mentioned1481
Government
 • MayorMiloš Harnych
Area
 • Total47.40 km2 (18.30 sq mi)
Elevation
530 m (1,740 ft)
Population
 (2020-01-01[1])
 • Total3,005
 • Density63/km2 (160/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
561 61
Websitewww.cervenavoda.cz

Administrative parts

Červená Voda is made by eight villages, which are administrative part of it, in Moravia:

  • Červená Voda
  • Šanov u Červené Vody
  • Moravský Karlov
  • Bílá Voda
  • Mlýnice u Červené Vody
  • Mlýnický Dvůr

further located in Bohemia:

  • Dolní Orlice
  • Horní Orlice

Geography

Červená Voda is a long village, stretching along the banks of a contributing stream into River Březná. Its name derives from the iron ore bearing soil, which betimes coloured the stream red. Situated in the Králická brázda (Králíky Depression), between the mountain ranges of the Orlické hory and the Hanušovická vrchovina, the community is located on the European water divide between three seas: the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Black Sea. River Tichá Orlice, which drains into Elbe, originates in Horní Orlice village. Červená Voda lies on the historic border between Moravia and Bohemia.

Through the municipality passes state road 11, which has a junction with state road 43 leading to Králíky inside themunicipality.

History

Settlement of the Králíky area started after king Wenceslaus I called German settlers for land reclamation. Červená Voda than was founded in 1397[2] and mentioned documentarily for the first time under the name Malé Heroltice in 1481, in the course of the sale of the lordship of Štíty. Throughout the Hussite War cultivation and foundations came to a halt. In 1562 the gaffer Georg Schürer erected a glass kiln. 1596 the new lord of Štíty and Northern Zábřeh, Ladislav Velen of Žerotína, granted to Dominik Schürer von Waldheim, son of Georg Schürer, the privilege to incorporate a glass factory in nearby Bílá Voda. In progression he built an estate, joined by a brewery and farmyard in Mlýnice, which eventually became the climax point of the second wave of populating.[3] The Thirty Years' War saw another period of devastation (1630, 1639).

After the Battle of White Mountain Ladislav Velen of Žerotína lost all his manors. Consequently, one of the emperor's favourites Karl Eusebius of Liechtenstein, second prince of Liechtenstein and founder of today's renowned Liechtenstein art collection, gained power over the lordship in 1624 and united it with his lordship of Ruda nad Moravou. The 18th century saw the greatest incidences of Black Death (1700, 1705) and twice the march-through of looting Prussian troops, burning down many villages in both Silesian Wars. The area reobtained stability. 1833 a wooden pilgrimage church was erected on Křížová mountain right above Červená Voda and the village's elementary school got a second class. In 1846 the village gained the right to hold markets.

In implication of the Revolution of 1848 came the fall of the patrimonial regime. The land reform of 1850 made Červená Voda part of the political district of Hohenstadt. Did most of the villagers made a living from agriculture till than, the second part of the 19th century was molded by the commencing industrialization, foremost by textile fabrication in 1850. In 1865 Červená Voda was connected to the state's primary road network with the inauguration of the Kaiserstraße (today's state road 11). By 1866 Prussian troops once more passed through the village without causing greater damages. After the Reichsvolksschulgesetz (Imperial Law of Elementary School) was passed in 1869, Červená Voda saw the foundation of the first Bürgerschule (Citizen or Secondary School) in all of Moravia in 1875.[4]

With the opening of a branch line from Králíky to Štíty, Červená Voda was connected to the railway network in 1899 and concurrently experienced its economical and social heyday. 1910 existed several cotton spinneries (and a total of 44 textile productions). After the World War I Moravia and thus Rothwasser/Červená Voda became part of the newly formed First Republic of Czechoslovakia. While, due to cut historical trade-ties commercial development halted, mild tensions aroused among the majoritarian German speaking population towards the newly Czech-dominated administration. A Czech-Minority School was formed 1919 and an Old Catholic Church was erected in 1929. In 1930 the market town had a population of 2,526.

World War II

After the shameful Munich Agreement, part of the Appeasement Policy against Nazi Germany, in 1938, Červená Voda was occupied by the Nazi's Wehrmacht arriving from Mittelwalde (today Międzylesie/Silesia) between 1 and 10 October 1938. Červená Voda was incorporated into the newly formed province of Sudetenland, as a part of the Hohenstadt District (which was congruent with the Czechoslovakian district of Zábřeh). Thus Czechoslovakia had lost all her heavily fortified borderlands, leaving her indefensible.

During the World War II the Czech minority was subject of heavy discrimination through the Nazi authorities. The German company Telefunken Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie in Berlin had a factory in Bílá Voda/Weißwasser under the camouflage name Friesewerk, producing radio measuring devices and steering gear for the German Luftwaffe. In 1944 they opened a sub camp of the concentration camp Groß-Rosen. Several hundred mainly Hungarian Jewish women, sent from Auschwitz concentration camp were let to vegetate in dehumanized conditions, forced to work in the Friesewerk. Early 1945 their number increased to 650.[5]

Modern history

After the Russian Red Army had freed the valley, having advanced from the south, the German-speaking population was expulsed as per the Beneš decrees of 5 March 1946. Yet even before first unlawful expulsions and cruelties occurred against the German-Moravians, irrespective from their political attitude during the war. Between 23 April and 25 October 1946, 2,156 people were deported in seven transports, leaving only 37 German-Moravians in Červená Voda. The village was resettled by Czech-Moravians from Tišňov. On Křížová mountain arouse a military training ground, (1960 demolition of the devastated small wooden pilgrimage church was carried out), used by the Red Army 1969-1990, which maintained a military foothold in all of the Warsaw Pact states, such as the ČSSR.

In 1949, Šanov u Červené Vody was merged strawith Červená Voda municipality. By the adminitive reform of 1960 Červená Voda was greatly enlarged by affiliating its surrounding villages. Since 2003 the municipality is administered by Municipality with Extended Competence of Králíky.

Tourism

In 2006 an observation tower was inaugurated on Křížová mountain. Today Červená Voda is a popular tourist destination, mainly for national visitors and tourists from Germany and nearby Poland. There is a neat ski resort [6] and a developing hiking path network in the Orlické hory.

Notable people

References
  1. "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2020". Czech Statistical Office. 30 April 2020.
  2. Grulicher (Králíky) Land "Eagle Mountain Society" website (German), Retrieved 3 March 2012
  3. Grulicher (Králíky) Land "Eagle Mountain Society" website (German), Retrieved 3 March 2012
  4. Villages in Grulicher (Králíky) Land "Eagle Mountain Society" website (German), Retrieved 4 March 2012
  5. Klaus Christian Kasper (Hrsg.): Frauen-Arbeitslager Mährisch Weißwasser 1944/45. Zwangsarbeit für Telefunken. Eine Überlebensstation auf dem Weg von Auschwitz nach Palästina mit der Exodus. Erinnerungen, Daten, Bilder und Dokumente. Bonn-Oberkassel: Selbstverlag 2002. 104 Seiten. ISBN 3-930567-27-X
  6. Ski Park Červená Voda
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