Zubaidah bint Ja'far

Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn Mansur (Arabic: زبيدة بنت جعفر ابن المنصور) (died 26 Jumada I 216 AH / 10 July 831 AD) was the best known of the Abbasid princesses, and the wife and double cousin of Harun ar-Rashid. She is particularly remembered for the series of wells, reservoirs and artificial pools that provided water for Muslim pilgrims along the route from Baghdad to Mecca and Medina, which was renamed the Darb Zubaidah[1][2][3] in her honor. The exploits of her and her husband, Harun al-Rashid, form part of the basis for The Thousand and One Nights.

Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur
زبيدة بنت جعفر ابن المنصور
Abbasid Princess
Born766
Iraq
Died10 July 831
Baghdad, Abbasid Empire
SpouseHarun al-Rashid
IssueAl-Amin
Full name
Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn Al-Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
DynastyAbbasid
FatherJa'far son of Al-Mansur
MotherSalsal (elder sister of al-Khayzuran)
ReligionIslam

Biography

Zubaidah's birthdate is unknown; it is known that she was at least a year younger than Harun.[4] Her father, Ja'far was a half-brother of the Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi. Her mother, Salsal, was an elder sister of al-Khayzuran, second and most powerful wife of al-Mahdi, and mother of the future caliphs Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid.

Gold Dinar of Harun al-Rashid mint in Baghdad Dated AH 184 (800 AD). "Second Symbol" (Quran 9: 33), Kalima in three lines across field / "Bismillah struck" in outer margin, "By order of the Prince Al-Amin, son of the Commander of the Faithful in inner margin, "Muhammad the messenger of Allah" in three lines across field.

Zubaidah is a pet name, given by her grandfather, caliph al-Mansur. The name means "little butter ball". Zubaidah's real name at birth was Sukhainah or Amat al-'Aziz".[4] Later, Zubaidah got a kunya, Umm Ja'far (meaning Mother of Ja'far),[5] which reflects her royal lineage as a granddaughter of caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur and a wife of caliph Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid.

She was the granddaughter of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, through his son Ja'far, and cousin of al-Rashid (c.763 or 766–809), who she later married (Dhu al-Hijjah 165 AH/July 782 AD). The Abbasid caliph Muhammad al-Amin, who had a double royal lineage, was Zubaidah's son. Her stepson was 'Abdullah al-Ma'mun, who also became a caliph after the civil war with al-Amin.

It is said that Zubaidah's palace 'sounded like a beehive' because she employed one hundred women maids who had memorized the Qur'an.[6]

On her fifth pilgrimage to Mecca she saw that a drought had devastated the population and reduced the Zamzam Well to a trickle of water. She ordered the well to be deepened and spent over 2 million dinars improving the water supply of Makkah and the surrounding province. "This included the construction of an aqueduct from the spring of Hunayn, 95 kilometers to the east, as well as the famed “Spring of Zubayda” on the plain of Arafat, one of the ritual locations on the Hajj. When her engineers cautioned her about the expense, never mind the technical difficulties, she replied that she was determined to carry out the work “were every stroke of a pickax to cost a dinar,” according to Ibn Khallikan. "[7]

She also improved the pilgrim route across nine hundred miles of desert between Kufa and Mecca. The road was paved and cleared of boulders and she assembled water storages at intervals. The water tanks also caught the surplus rainwater from storms that occasionally drowned people.[8]

Ibn Battuta, referring to Zubaidah, states that "every reservoir, pool or well on this road which goes from Mecca to Baghdad is due to her munificient bounty...had it not been for her concern on behalf of this road, it would not be usable by anyone." He specifically mentions the water reservoirs at Birkat al-Marjum and al-Qarurah.[9]

Zubaidah hired a staff of assistants to manage her properties and to act on her behalf in numerous business ventures, independent of Harun. Her private home was also administered in a luxurious manner. Her meals were presented on gold and silver plates instead of the simple leather tray commonly used at the time, and she introduced the fashion trend of wearing sandals stitched with gems. She was also carried on a palanquin made of silver, ebony, and lined with silk.[10]

She built herself a palace with a large carpeted banquet hall supported by pillars made of ivory and gold. Verses of the Koran were engraved on the walls in gold letters. The palace was encircled by a garden full of uncommon animals and birds. She had a pet monkey attired as a cavalry soldier and hired 30 servants to attend to the monkey's needs. Zubaidah's visitors, including high-ranking generals, were required to kiss the monkey's hand. In addition, a slew of slave girls followed her everywhere she went and each knew the Koran by heart.[11]

She rebuilt Tabriz after a disastrous earthquake in 791.[8]

The Caliphs who were related to her are:

No. Caliph Relation
1 Al-Saffah Grand uncle
2 Al-Mansur Grandfather
3 Al-Mahdi Uncle and Father-in-law
4 Al-Hadi Cousin
5 Harun al-Rashid Husband
6 Al-Amin Son
7 Al-Ma'mun Step-sons
8 Al-Mu'tasim
9 Al-Wathiq Step-grandsons
10 Al-Mutawakkil

References
  1. Safadi. XIV. pp. 176–8.
  2. al-Baghdadi, Al-Khatib. Tarikh Baghdad. xtv. pp. 433–4.
  3. Bidaya. X. p. 271.
  4. Abbot, Nabia. Two Queens of Baghdad. p. 30.
  5. Abbot, Nabia. Two Queens of Baghdad. p. 150.
  6. Ibn Khallikan. I. p. 533.
  7. Verde, Tom. 2016. "Malik I: Khayzuran & Zubayda". Saudi Aramco World. January–February 2016. Vol. 67, no. 1, page 45.
  8. Bobrick 2012, p. 59
  9. Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 52–54. ISBN 9780330418799.
  10. Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. p. 58. ISBN 978-1416567622.
  11. Bobrick 2012, p. 58
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