Zainab Sultan Begum

Zainab Sultan Begum was Queen consort of Ferghana Valley and Kabul as the second wife of the first Emperor Babur. She like two of his other wives Aisha Sultan Begum and Masuma Sultan Begum was a direct cousin of the Babur.[1]

Zainab Sultan Begum
Timurid princess
Queen consort of Ferghana Valley
Queen consort of Kabul
Tenure1504 – 1506
Diedc. 1506–07
SpouseBabur
HouseTimurid (by birth)
FatherSultan Mahmud Mirza
MotherKhanzada Begum
ReligionIslam

She was one of the first Mughal cousins to marry among the own family, which later became a common practice, which would be especially be followed by Humayun, the second Mughal emperor who succeeded Babur after his death in 1530.[2]

Family and lineage

Zainab Sultan Begum was born a Timurid princess and was the fifth daughter of Sultan Mahmud Mirza, who was Babur's paternal uncle. Her mother was the granddaughter of Mir Buzurg, and the daughter of a brother of Khanzada Begum, her father's first wife. Her father was a son of Abu Sa'id Mirza, the Emperor of the Timurid Empire.

Zainab's paternal uncles included Umar Sheikh Mirza, the ruler of Ferghana Valley, who later became her father-in-law as well while her first cousins included her future husband, Babur, and his elder sister, Khanzada Begum. Her sister Ak Begum, who was married to Babur's brother Jahangir Mirza, became her sister-in-law.

Marriage

Babur married her after annexing Kabul in 1504. However she was not a favourite wife of the emperor because she was too proud of her parentage and failed to win Babur's affection. He also did not remember the year of her death correctly.[3]

Babur has written about the marriage of Sultan Mahmud Mirza to Khanzada Begum who was the daughter of Mir of Tirmiz. After she died, he married her late wife's niece Khandaza Begum through whom he fathered five daughters and a son. This created Babur's hatred for his uncle, and subsequently he was reluctant to marry Zainab. It was due to the repeated pleas and insistence of Babur's mother that he married her as he could not resist the "good offers" of his mother for this marriage.[4][5] Babur did not want to marry her, because according to him, she was "not very congenial".[4]

Historians however claim that Zainab Sultan Begum was the most influential lady in Babur's harem (due to her lineage), who had authority in controlling its activity though she was not a favourite wife of the first Mughal emperor.[6]

Death

Zainab Sultan Begum died childless two or three years after her marriage, that is in 1506 or 1507.[7] Contemporary family members write that she died of small pox.[8]

References
  1. Zinat Kausar. Muslim women in medieval India. The University of California. p. 22.
  2. Mohammad Maulana. Encyclopaedia Of Quranic Studies. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 96. ISBN 9788126127719.
  3. B. S. Chandrababu. Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation. Bharathi Puthakalayam. p. 202. ISBN 9788189909970.
  4. Ruby Lal. Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780521850223.
  5. Harbans Mukhia. The Mughals of India. John Wiley & Sons. p. 140. ISBN 9780470758151.
  6. The Mughal Harem. The University of Michigan. p. 224. ISBN 9788185179032.
  7. Babur. Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur. Penguin Books India. p. 362. ISBN 9780144001491.
  8. William Erskine. History of India Under Baber. Atlantic Publishers. p. 526. ISBN 9788171560325.
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