Yoshmut

Yoshmut (Persian: يوشموت‎) was Ilkhanate prince and one of eldest sons of Hulagu. According to Dai Matsui[1] and Daniel King,[2] his name was of Christian Uyghur origin and ultimately derived from Sogdian word "ʿywšmbt" (cognate with Persian: دوشنبه‎, romanized: Dushanbah, lit. 'Monday').

Yoshmut
Battle of Mayyafaraqin (1259) headed by Yoshmut
Shams al-Dîn Kâshânî, 15th century
Viceroy of Arran and Azerbaijan
Reign1265 - 1271
Bornafter 1234
Mongolia
Died(1271-07-18)July 18, 1271
HouseBorjigin
FatherHulagu
MotherNogachin Aghachi

Life

He was born to Hulagu and his concubine Nogachin Aghachi, a lady of Chinese of Khitan origin from camp of Qutui Khatun in Mongolia. One of the three eldest sons of Hulagu, he accompanied his father with Abaqa in his Nizari campaign in Persia from 1253.[3]

Under Hulagu

His first assignment was subjugation of Mayyafaraqin with Sontai Noyan and Ilga Noyan of Jalairs in 1259 after Hulagu's conquest of Diyar Bakr. However Ayyubid malik of the city al-Kamil Muhammad resisted Yoshmut for a while, despite reinforcements from Mosul sent by Badr al-Din Lu'lu'. This angered Hulagu who recalled Yoshmut after 10 months.[3] City held until April 1260[4] when al-Kamil finally surrendered to Mongol army. Turned over to Hulagu's camp in Tell Bashir, al-Kamil was forced to eat his own flesh.[5] After Mayyafaraqin, Yoshmut was sent to Mardin, which was ruled by Artuqid bey Al-Sa'id Najm al-Din Ghazi I. Mardin resisted the siege for over 8 months until death of Najm al-Din. New bey Qara Arslan surrendered castle to Yoshmut and accepted Ilkhanate overlordship. Nevertheless, angry Hulagu reprimanded Yoshmut for his inability and banned him from the army that was going to battle Golden Horde in 1262. Despite all, before his death in 1265, Hulagu appointed his sons Abaqa to viceroyalty of Khorasan and Yoshmut to Azerbaijan, Arran, Shirvan and in general march of Derbent. Yoshmut arrived at Derbent on 16 February 1265, a week after his father's death.

Under Abaqa

Hearing news of his father's death, Yoshmut rushed to capital, unsuccessfully campaigning for kurultai but losing hope returning to Derbent after 2 days. In turn, Abaqa reaffirmed his position in Derbent on 19 June 1265, on day of his coronation. After Abaqa's election, Ilkhanate faced another invasion by Golden Horde. Yoshmut fought with Golden Horde commander Nogai on banks of Aqsu river in Shirvan on 19–20 July 1265 and managed to shoot him in the eye after a fierce battle, forcing him to retreat. Abaqa pursued Nogai's army across the Kur, hoping to wipe it out, but Abaqa was forced to withdraw when Berke arrived with reinforcements.[6]

Yoshmut participated in his brother's war with 10.000 soldiers[7] in 1270 against Chagatai khan Baraq, who was threatening Ilkhanate borders. While Abaqa was dealing with Tegüder in west, Yoshmut battled with Baraq, often faced with defeats. After Abaqa's arrival on vicinity of Herat, he was given command of left flank with Arghun Aqa, Atabeg Yusufshah of Yazd, Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj, Sontai Noyan, Buriltai Noyan, Shiktur Noyan and Abdallah Aqa commanding under him.[7] Battle was won after three assaults on 22 July 1270 and resulted with Baraq's flee.

Death and legacy

Yoshmut died on 18 July 1271.[8] He was known for his hot temper and unpopularity among military. One of his descendants - Ilyas - became a figurehead Ilkhan with the regnal name Suleiman Khan.

Family

He had at least four sons:

  1. Qara Noqai — took part in Nawruz's revolt, executed by Arghun on 7 Oct 1289 with his children in Damghan.
  2. Sogai — executed by Ghazan in 1296 for Sulamish's revolt in Anatolia.
    1. Yusufshah
      1. Ilyas
  3. Janbu — died on 31 December 1291, on Jaghatu plains

Another son of Yoshmut was attested in Turkish sources named Jumudar (Ottoman Turkish: جمود‎, romanized: Cumudâr).[9] His mummified body was found in Amasya and his death was dated to 1296, Ghazan's reign.[10][11] It is being displayed in Amasya Museum.[12]

References
  1. 白 (Dai), 玉冬 (Matsui); 松井 (Yudong), 太 (Bai) (2016-10-31). "フフホト白塔のウイグル語題記銘文" [Old Uigjur Inscriptions of the White Pagoda, Hohhot]. 内陸アジア言語の研究. 31: 29–77. ISSN 1341-5670.
  2. King, Daniel (2018-12-12). The Syriac World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-48211-6.
  3. Hope, Michael (2016-09-29). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-19-108108-8.
  4. Jackson, Peter (2017-04-04). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. Yale University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-300-22728-4.
  5. Mīr, Ghiyās̲ al-Dīn ibn Humām al-Dīn Khvānd (1994). Habibü's-siyer: Moğol ve Türk hâkimiyeti. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. p. 56.
  6. Henry Hoyle Howorth. "History of the Mongols." 1876. Page 1012.
  7. Cosmo, Nicola Di (2001-12-21). Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800). BRILL. pp. 191–196. ISBN 978-90-04-39178-9.
  8. Ṭabīb, Rashīd al-Dīn (1999). Compendium of Chronicles. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. p. 535.
  9. Yasar, Hüseyin Hüsameddin (1910). Amasya tarihi (in Arabic). 2. Istanbul: Matbaa-i İslamiyesi. p. 437.
  10. Efe, Zehra (April 2014). "The History and Present Status of Mummies in Turkish Museums and Shrines". SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences: 279–292. Archived from the original on April 2020.
  11. Анхбаяр, Д.; Батхишиг, Б. (2014). Монголын Ил хант улсын түүх соёлтой холбоотой Турк дахь зарим газар, дурсгалт зүйлс [Some places and monuments in Turkey related to the history and culture of the Mongolian Ilkhanate]. Ankara.
  12. Ekinci, Ekrem Buğra (2016-11-11). "Mummies of Anatolia still a matter of interest". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
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