Yarchen Gar

Yarchen Gar (Tibetan: ཡ་ཆེན་སྒར་, Wylie: ya chen sgar, ZYPY: Yaqên gar ), officially known as Yaqên Orgyän Temple (Tibetan: ཡ་ཆེན་ཨོ་རྒྱན་བསམ་གདན་གླིང་།, THL: Yachen Orgyen Samden Ling ), is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the Nyingma school, with an educational institute and residential community in western Sichuan province, China. The majority of its Tibetan and Chinese residents are nuns, leading to it being called the "City of Nuns".[1][2] By the end of 2019, more than half of their residences had been demolished by Chinese authorities.

Yachen Orgyen Samden Ling, known as Yarchen Gar, before 2019 demolitions

Location and history

Yarchen Gar lies 4000m above sea level in an isolated valley of Pelyul County, 400 kilometres (250 mi) west of Chengdu in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, known as Kham. At its height, its sangha of an estimated 10,000 nuns, monks and lay practitioners[3] was considered the largest concentration of monastics in the world.

The monastery is dedicated to the preservation of Tibetan Buddhist culture after the Cultural Revolution.[4] The nuns at Yarchen Gar are also known for their practice of Tummo in the winter, in individual retreat cabins on the hillsides.[2]

Demolitions and re-education

Owing to the expanding influence of Tibetan Buddhism, the monks and nuns of Yarchen Gar are seen as a threat to Chinese plans to "sinicinize religions".[4] Evictions of monks and nuns began in 2001 after residences were demolished.[4] In August of 2017,[4][5] a further 2,000 residences were torn down and a similar number of nuns and monks evicted by Chinese authorities.[6][7]

The monastery has periodically been closed to foreigners, and was again closed in April 2019. In the following month of May, forced removals of 7,000 residents began,[3] and in July at least 3,000 nuns' residences were demolished.[3] By August 2019, a large swathe of the nun's area had been cleared, likely to pave the way for tourist infrastructure according to Free Tibet.[8]

The evicted nuns and monks were then detained in political re-education centers[4][9] and forced to participate in patriotic exercises. There have been reports of sexual violence being used against nuns and of torture of both nuns and monks.[4] About seventy nuns and monks were confined in Jomda County and forced to undergo "patriotic re-education", during which nuns were beaten[3] and not allowed to wear their robes.[10][3]

A similar program was carried out at another monastery, Larung Gar.[11] Many of the evicted monks and nuns from Larung Gar subsequently relocated to Yarchen Gar.[4][10]

In 2017, China's demolitions and evictions were condemned by six United Nations human rights experts in an unusual collaboration.[12] The U.S. Department of State expressed concern over the ongoing destruction at Yarchen Gar and Larung Gar in 2018.[13]

References
  1. [In Sichuan province, more than 10,000 monks and nuns live in austerity], https://www.todayonline.com/world/sichuan-china-high-mountains-sichuan-province-more-10000-buddhist-monks-and-nuns-live-austere
  2. Douglas Hook, Sichuan’s remote Yarchen Gar monastery, where Buddhist monks and nuns suffer on the path to enlightenment, (7 December 2018), https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2176670/sichuans-remote-yarchen-gar-monastery-where-buddhist
  3. David Thomas, New photos of Yachen Gar shedding more light on China's repression in Tibet, (28 August 2019), http://thetibetpost.com/en/news/tibet/6595-new-photos-of-yachen-gar-shedding-more-light-on-china-s-repression-in-tibet
  4. Tashi Choedon, Navigating the experiences of detained Tibetan Nuns of Yachen Gar in Tibet, (06 August 2019), https://tibetpolicy.net/navigating-the-experiences-of-detained-tibetan-nuns-of-yachen-gar-in-tibet/#_ednref7
  5. Edward Wong, In Remote Settlement High on Tibetan Plateau, Buddhist Spirituality Soars, (08 November 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/world/asia/tibetan-plateau-buddhism.html
  6. Craig Lewis, Reports of Residential Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Monastic Community in China, (21 August 2017), https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/reports-of-residential-demolitions-at-yarchen-gar-monastic-community-in-china
  7. Craig Lewis, Mass Evictions Reported at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery in China’s Sichuan Province, (12 June 2019), https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/mass-evictions-reported-at-yarchen-gar-buddhist-monastery-in-chinas-sichuan-province
  8. "China has destroyed large areas of one of Tibet's biggest Buddhist sites, satellite images reveal". Free Tibet. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  9. China rounds up Tibetan monks and nuns expelled by it at re-education detention centres, (03 July 2019), https://www.tibetanreview.net/china-rounds-up-tibetan-monks-and-nuns-expelled-by-it-at-re-education-detention-centres/
  10. Craig Lewis, New Images Reveal Extent of Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery, (6 September 2019), https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/new-images-reveal-extent-of-demolitions-at-yarchen-gar-buddhist-monastery
  11. Thousands of Tibetan monks and nuns ordered to leave remote encampment
  12. Edward Wong, U.N. Human Rights Experts Unite to Condemn China Over Expulsions of Tibetans, (27 November 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/world/asia/china-tibet-buddhists-larung-gar.html
  13. US State Department calls for the immediate release of Tibet's Panchen Lama, (27 April 2018), https://tibet.net/us-state-department-calls-for-the-immediate-release-of-tibets-panchen-lama/

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.