William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, KG (16 October 1396 – 2 May 1450), nicknamed Jackanapes, was an English magnate, statesman, and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. He became a favourite of the weak king Henry VI of England, and consequently a leading figure in the English government where he became associated with many of the royal government's failures of the time, particularly on the war in France. Suffolk also appears prominently in Shakespeare's Henry VI, parts 1 and 2.

William de la Pole
1st Duke of Suffolk
Quartered arms of William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, at the time of his installation as a knight of the Order of the Garter
Born	16 October 1396 Cotton, Suffolk, England
Died	2 May 1450 (aged 53) English Channel (near Dover, Kent)
Buried	Carthusian Priory, Hull
Spouse(s)	Alice Chaucer (1430–1450, wid.)
Issue John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk Jane de la Pole (illegitimate)
Father	Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk
Mother	Katherine de Stafford
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of England
Service	1415–1437
Conflicts	Hundred Years' War Siege of Harfleur (1415) (WIA) Siege of Montargis (1427) Siege of Orléans (1428–9) Battle of Jargeau (1429) (POW)

He fought in the Hundred Years' War and participated in campaigns of Henry V,[1] and then continued to serve in France for King Henry VI. He was one of the English commanders at the failed Siege of Orléans. He favoured a diplomatic rather than military solution to the deteriorating situation in France,[1][2] a stance which would later resonate well with King Henry VI.

Suffolk became a dominant figure in the government, and was at the forefront of the main policies conducted during the period.[3] He played a central role in organizing the Treaty of Tours (1444), and arranged the king's marriage to Margaret of Anjou. At the end of Suffolk's political career he was accused of maladministration by many and forced into exile. At sea on his way out, he was caught by an angry mob, subjected to a mock trial, and beheaded.

His estates were forfeited to the crown but later restored to his only son, John. His political successor was the Duke of Somerset.

Biography

Arms of De la Pole: Azure, a fess between three leopard's faces or

19th-century illustration of Suffolk's murder

William de la Pole was born in Cotton, Suffolk, the second son of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk by his wife Katherine de Stafford, daughter of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, KG, and Philippa de Beauchamp.

Almost continually engaged in the wars in France, he was seriously wounded during the Siege of Harfleur (1415), where his father died from dysentery.[4] Later that year his older brother Michael, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt,[4] and William succeeded as 4th Earl. He served in all the later French campaigns of the reign of Henry V, and in spite of his youth held high command on the marches of Normandy in 1421–22. In 1423 he joined Thomas, Earl of Salisbury in Champagne. He fought under John, Duke of Bedford, at the Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424, and throughout the next four years was Salisbury's chief lieutenant in the direction of the war.[1] He became co-commander of the English forces at the Siege of Orléans (1429), after the death of Salisbury. When that city was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429, he managed a retreat to Jargeau where he was forced to surrender on 12 June. He was captured by a French squire named Guillaume Renault. Admiring the young soldier's bravery, the earl decided to knight him before surrendering. This dubbing has remained famous in French history and literature and has been recounted by the writer Alexandre Dumas. He remained a prisoner of Charles VII of France for three years, and was ransomed in 1431, after fourteen years' continuous field service.

After his return to the Kingdom of England in 1434 he was made Constable of Wallingford Castle. He became a courtier and a close ally of Cardinal Henry Beaufort. Despite the diplomatic failure of the Congress of Arras, the cardinal's authority remained strong and Suffolk gained increasing influence.[1] His most notable accomplishment in this period was negotiating the marriage of King Henry VI with Margaret of Anjou in 1444, which he achieved despite initial reluctance, and included a two years' truce.[1] This earned him a promotion from Earl to Marquess of Suffolk. However, a secret clause was put in the agreement which gave Maine and Anjou back to France, which was partly to cause his downfall. His own marriage took place on 11 November 1430 (date of licence), to (as her third husband) Alice Chaucer (1404–1475), daughter of Thomas Chaucer of Ewelme, Oxfordshire, and granddaughter of the notable poet Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife, Philippa Roet.

With the deaths in 1447 of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Cardinal Beaufort, Suffolk became the principal power behind the throne of the weak and compliant Henry VI. In short order he was appointed Chamberlain, Admiral of England, and to several other important offices. He was created Earl of Pembroke in 1447, and Duke of Suffolk in 1448. However, Suffolk was suspected of responsibility in Humphrey's death,[1] and later of being a traitor. On 16 July he met in secret with Jean, Count de Dunois, at his mansion of the Rose in Candlewick street, the first of several meetings in London at which they planned a French invasion. Suffolk passed Council minutes to Dunois, the French hero of the Siege of Orleans. It was rumoured that Suffolk never paid his ransom of £20,000 owed to Dunois. The Lord Treasurer, Ralph Cromwell, wanted heavy taxes from Suffolk; the duke's powerful enemies included John Paston and Sir John Fastolf. Many blamed Suffolk's retainers for lawlessness in East Anglia.[5]

The following three years saw the near-complete loss of the English possessions in northern France (Rouen, Normandy etc.). Suffolk could not avoid taking the blame for these failures, partly because of the loss of Maine and Anjou through his marriage negotiations regarding Henry VI. When parliament met in November 1449, the opposition showed its strength by forcing the treasurer, Adam Moleyns, to resign.[1] Molyens was murdered by sailors at Portsmouth on 9 January 1450. Suffolk, realizing that an attack on himself was inevitable, boldly challenged his enemies in parliament, appealing to the long and honourable record of his public services.[1] However, on 28 January he was arrested, imprisoned in the Tower of London and impeached in parliament by the Commons. The King intervened to protect his favourite, who was banished for five years, but on his journey to Calais his ship was intercepted by the ship Nicholas of the Tower. Suffolk was captured, subjected to a mock trial, and executed by beheading.[6][7] He was later found on the sands near Dover,[8] and the body was probably brought to a church in Suffolk, possibly Wingfield.

Suffolk was interred in the Carthusian Priory in Hull by his widow Alice, as was his wish, and not in the church at Wingfield, as is often stated. The Priory, founded in 1377 by his grandfather the first Earl of Suffolk, was dissolved in 1539, and most of the original buildings did not survive the two Civil War sieges of Hull in 1642 and 1643.[9]

Descendants

Suffolk's only known legitimate son, John, became the second Duke of Suffolk in 1463.

Suffolk also fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane de la Pole.[10] Her mother is said to have been a nun, Malyne de Cay. "The nighte before that he was yolden [yielded himself up in surrender to the Franco-Scottish forces of Joan of Arc on 12 June 1429] he laye in bed with a nonne whom he toke oute of holy profession and defouled, whose name was Malyne de Cay, by whom he gate a daughter, now married to Stonard of Oxonfordshire".[11] Jane de la Pole (died 28 February 1494) was married before 1450 to Thomas Stonor (1423–1474), of Stonor in Pyrton, Oxfordshire. Their son Sir William Stonor, Kt, was married to Anne Neville, daughter of John, Marquess of Montagu and had two children: John Neville, married to Mary Fortesque, daughter of Sir John Fortesque of Punsburn, Hereford, but died without issue; and Anne Stonor, married to Sir Adrian Fortesque, who distinguished himself at the Battle of the Spurs; he was beheaded in 1539. Thomas Stonor and Jane de la Pole's two other sons were Edward and Thomas. Thomas Stoner married Savilla Brecknock, daughter of Sir David Brecknock.[12] His great-great-grandson Thomas Stoner (18 December 1626 – 2 September 1683) married in 1651 Elizabeth Nevill (born 1641), daughter of Henry, Lord Bergavenny and his second wife Katherine Vaux, daughter of George Vaux and sister of Edward, Lord Vaux of Harrowden.[13] Thomas's son John Stoner (22 March 1654 – 19 November 1689) married on 8 July 1675 Lady Mary Talbot, daughter of Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury and his wife Jane Conyers, daughter of Sir John Conyers.[14]

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Alice (1404–1475), daughter of Thomas Chaucer of Ewelme, Oxfordshire, married 11 November 1430.
John, 2nd Duke of Suffolk	27 September 1442	1492	Married 1st Lady Margaret Beaufort (no issue), 2nd Elizabeth of York (had issue)
By Malyne de Cay, nun and mistress
Jane de la Pole	c. Mar 1430	28 Feb 1494	Married Thomas Stonor

Jackanapes

Suffolk's badge: an ape's clog argent chained or

Suffolk's nickname "Jackanapes" came from "Jack of Naples", a slang name for a monkey at the time. This was probably due to his heraldic badge, which consisted of an "ape's clog", i.e. a wooden block chained to a pet monkey to prevent it escaping.[15] The phrase "jackanape" later came to mean an impertinent or conceited person, due to the popular perception of Suffolk as a nouveau riche upstart; his great-grandfather had been a wool merchant from Hull.

Portrayals in drama, verse and prose

• Suffolk is a major character in two Shakespeare plays. His negotiation of the marriage of Henry and Margaret is portrayed in Henry VI, Part 1. Shakespeare's version has Suffolk fall in love with Margaret. He negotiates the marriage so that he and she can be close to one another. His disgrace and death are depicted in Henry VI, Part 2. Shakespeare departs from the historical record by having Henry banish Suffolk for complicity in the murder of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Suffolk is murdered by a pirate named Walter Whitmore (fulfilling a prophecy given earlier in the play proclaiming he will "die by Water"), and Margaret later wanders to her castle carrying his severed head and grieving.
• His murder is the subject of the traditional English folk ballad "Six Dukes Went a-Fishing" (Roud #78)
• Suffolk is the protagonist in Susan Curran's historical novel The Heron's Catch (1989), plays a role in many of the seventeen Sister Frevisse detective novels of Margaret Frazer, set in England in the 1440s.
• Suffolk is a significant character in Cynthia Harnett's historical novel for children, The Writing on the Hearth (1971)
• Suffolk is one of the three dedicatees of Geoffrey Hill's sonnet sequence, "Funeral Music" (first published in Stand magazine; collected in King Log, Andre Deutsch 1968). Hill speculates about him in the essay appended to the poems.
• Suffolk is one of the main characters in Conn Iggulden's Wars of the Roses: Stormbird, about the end of the Hundred Years' War and the start of the Wars of the Roses.

See also

• Battle of Jargeau
• Battle of Patay
• Battle of Cravant
• Siege of Montargis
• John and William Merfold
• Jack Cade

Footnotes

1. Kingsford 1911, p. 27.
2. Wagner 2006, p. 260.
3. Britannica 1998.
4. Bennett 1991, p. 24.
5. Curran 2011, pp. 261–2.
6. Hicks 2010, p. 68.
7. Kingsford 1911.
8. Davis 1999, letter 14, pp. 26–29.
9. Page 1974, pp. 190–92.
10. Richardson 2011, p. 359.
11. HMC 1872, pp. 279–280.
12. Burke 1835, p. 441.
13. Burke 1835, p. 442.
14. Burke 1835, p. 443.
15. Fox-Davies 1909, p. 469.

References

• Bennett, Michael (23 May 1991). Agincourt 1415: Triumph against the odds. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-132-8.
• Britannica eds. (20 July 1998). "William de la Pole, 1st duke of Suffolk". Encyclopædia Britannica.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Burke, J. (1835). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, 2. London: Henry Colburn.
• Davis, N., ed. (1999). The Paston Letters. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283640-3.
• Fox-Davies, A.C. (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry . London: T.C. & E.C. Jack.
• Hicks, M. (2010). The Wars of the Roses. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11423-2.
• HMC (1872). Third Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. London: Stationery Office. OCLC 223375408.
• Kingsford, C.L. (1896). "Pole, William de la, fourth Earl and first Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450)". Sidney Lee, ed. Dictionary of National Biography. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1911). "Suffolk, William de la Pole, Duke of". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28.
• Page, W., ed. (1974). A History of the County of York: Volume 3. Victoria County History.
• Richardson, D. (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). Magna Carta Ancestry. 4 (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4609-9270-8.
• Wagner, J.A. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0.
• Watts, J. (2004). "Pole, William de la, first duke of Suffolk (1396–1450)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22461.

Bibliography

• Curran, Susan (2011). The English Friend. Norwich: Lasse Press. ISBN 978-0-9568758-0-8.
• Fryde, E.B. (1964). The Wool Accounts of William de la Pole: a study of some aspects of the English wool trade at the start of the Hundred Years' War. St. Anthony's Press, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 978-0-900701-26-9.
• Griffiths, R.A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04372-5.
• Richardson, Douglas (2004). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.). Plantagenet Ancestry. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8063-1750-2.
• Watts, J. (1996). Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-42039-6.
• Williams, E.T.; Nicholls, C.S., eds. (1981). Dictionary of National Biography (8th supplement). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-865207-6.

External links