William Mitford

William Mitford (10 February 1744 – 10 February 1827) was an English Member of Parliament and historian, best known for his The History of Greece (1784–1810).

William Mitford
Exbury House today
Member of Parliament for Newport, Cornwall
In office 1785–1790
Member of Parliament for Bere Alston
In office 1796–1806
Member of Parliament for New Romney
In office 1812–1818
Personal details
Born	10 February 1744 Exbury, Hampshire
Died	10 February 1827 (aged 83) Exbury, Hampshire
Resting place	The Church of St. Katherine, Exbury
Nationality	British
Political party	Tory
Spouse(s)	Fanny Molloy (1766-1776, her death)
Alma mater	Queens College, Oxford
Occupation	Author Historian
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	British Army
Rank	Colonel
Unit	South Hampshire Militia

Youth

Mitford was the elder of the two sons of John Mitford, a barrister (died 1761) and his wife Philadelphia Reveley. The Mitford family lived at Exbury near Beaulieu, at the edge of the New Forest. Here, at Exbury House, his father John's property, Mitford was born. He was educated at Cheam School, under the picturesque writer William Gilpin, but at the age of fifteen a severe illness led to his being removed, and after two years of idleness Mitford was sent, in July 1761, as a gentleman commoner to Queen's College, Oxford. In this year his father died, and left him the Exbury property and a considerable fortune. Mitford, therefore, being "very much his own master, was easily led to prefer amusement to study." He left Oxford (where the only sign of assiduity he had shown was to attend the lectures of Blackstone) without a degree, in 1763, and proceeded to the Middle Temple.[1][2]

Historian of Ancient Greece

Mitford married Miss Fanny Molloy in 1766, the daughter of James Molloy of Dublin. He retired to Exbury for the rest of his life, and made the study of the Greek language his hobby and occupation. After 10 years his wife died, and in October 1776 Mitford went abroad. He was encouraged by French scholars whom he met in Paris, Avignon and Nice to give himself systematically to the study of Greek history. But it was Edward Gibbon, with whom he was closely associated when they both were officers in the South Hampshire Militia, who suggested to Mitford the form which his work should take. In 1784 the first of the volumes of his History of Greece appeared, and the fifth and last of these quartos was published in 1810, after which the state of Mitford's eyesight and other physical infirmities, including a loss of memory, forbade his continuation of the enterprise, although he painfully revised successive new editions.[2][lower-alpha 1]

Later life and legacy

While his book was progressing, Mitford was a Tory member of the House of Commons, with intervals, from 1785 to 1818, but it does not appear that he ever visited Greece.[2] A supporter of William Pitt the Younger, his patron was Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, owner of the pocket borough of Newport in Cornwall, which had 62 voters.[4] This ended in 1790 but Mitford was assisted into one of the seats for Bere Alston in 1796 by his second cousin (and the duke's second son) Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley[5] In 1812 he was elected to sit for New Romney in Kent, retiring in 1818.[1]

These links between Mitford and the dukes of Northumberland were continued by his grandson Henry's marriage to Beverley's granddaughter Lady Jemima Ashburnham in 1828; the parents of Algernon Freeman-Mitford.

Mitford was for many years a member of the Court of Verderers of the New Forest, a county magistrate and a colonel in the Hampshire Militia. After a long illness, he died at Exbury on 10 February 1827.[1][2]

In addition to his History of Greece, he published a few smaller works, the most important of which was an Essay on the Harmony of Language, 1774. The style of Mitford is natural and lucid, but without the rich colour of Gibbon. He affected some oddities both of language and of orthography, for which he was censured and which he endeavoured to revise.[2]

Mitford was an impassioned anti-Jacobin from the 1790s, and his partiality for a monarchy led him to be unjust to Athenian democracy. Hence his History of Greece, after having had no peer in European literature for half a century, faded in interest on the appearance of the work of George Grote. Clinton, too, in his Fasti hellenici, charged Mitford with "a general negligence of dates," though admitting that in his philosophical range "he is far superior to any former writer" on Greek history. Byron, who dilated on Mitford's shortcomings, nevertheless declared that he was "perhaps the best of all modern historians altogether." This Mitford certainly was not, but his preeminence in the little school of English historians who succeeded Hume and Gibbon would be easier to maintain.[2]

Family

On 18 May 1766 Mitford married Fanny Molloy (died 27 April 1827) at Faringdon.[1] Fanny's parents were James Molloy, from Dublin, and his wife Anne Pye of Faringdon House. Fanny's brother was Anthony James Pye Molloy, and an uncle was Admiral Sir Thomas Pye, whose career had been helped by his and Anne's uncle, the politician Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst.

William and Fanny had three sons. Two of them, John Mitford (1772–1851) and Bertram Mitford (1774–1844) became barristers. Their oldest son, Henry Reveley Mitford (born 1769) became a Captain in the Royal Navy, presumably because of his Pye ancestry. He died in 1804 when his ship, HMS York sank with all 491 crew after striking the Bell Rock, about 11 miles (18 km) off the east coast of Angus, Scotland. This disaster prompted Parliament to authorise the construction of the famous Bell Rock Lighthouse.

William Mitford's younger brother John (1748–1830) was a lawyer and politician who became Speaker of the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Mitford's cousin, the Rev. John Mitford (1781–1859), was editor of the Gentleman's Magazine and of various editions of the English poets.[2] He was distantly related to the novelist Mary Russell Mitford (1787–1865).[6] Mitford was the great-great-great-grandfather of the Mitford sisters, who came to public notice in Britain during the 1920s.

The Exbury House estate passed to Henry's eldest son, Henry Reveley Mitford

Works

• Inquiry into the Principles of Harmony in Languages, 1774 [7]
• Considerations on the Corn Laws, 1791 [7]
• Treatise on the Military Force of this Kingdom [7]

The History of Greece. in five volumes. London: T. Cadell. 1784–1810.[8]

• Vol. 1 at Google Books
• Vols. 2-3 at the Internet Archive
• Vol. 4 at Google Books
• Vol. 5 at the Internet Archive

Notes

1. Mitford's History of Greece, 1838 edition, includes a brief biography by his brother John, the 1st Lord Redesdale.[3]

References

1. Wroth 1894.
2. Chisholm 1911.
3. Mitford.
4. Thorne, R., ed. (1986), "Newport", The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820, History of Parliament Online
5. Thorne, R., ed. (1986), "Bere Alston", The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820, History of Parliament Online
6. Ford, David Nash (2003). "Mary Russell Mitford (1787-1855)". Royal Berkshire History. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
7. Hutchinson, John. A Catalogue of Notable Middle Templars: With Brief Biographical Notices. p. 163.
8. "Review of The History of Greece by William Mitford, Vol. V". The Quarterly Review. 25: 154–174. April 1821.

Sources

• Wroth, Warwick William (1894). "Mitford, William" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mitford, William". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 620.
• Thorne, R., ed. (1986), "MITFORD, William (1744-1827), of Exbury, Hants.", The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820, History of Parliament Online

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Mitford