William F. Wells

William Firth Wells (died 1963) was an American scientist, best known for identifying that tuberculosis could be transmitted through the nuclei of evaporated respiratory droplets, and for the Wells curve describing what happens to respiratory droplets after they have been expelled into the air.

Biography

Wells served in the military during World War I. He married and had a son, who had autism.[1] In the 1950s, his family lived in a remote part of eastern Maryland. One of his colleagues, Richard L. Riley, described him as "an eccentric genius."[1]

In the late 1950s, Wells collapsed, paralyzed from the waist down. After his initial hospitalization, he was transferred to the VA Hospital in Baltimore where he had been overseeing a long-term tuberculosis study. He experienced periods of psychosis but continued to advise on research when lucid. He died in 1963.[1]

Research
The Wells curve demonstrates that respiratory droplets rapidly dry out or fall to the ground after being exhaled.

Droplet nuclei

German bacteriologist Carl Flügge in 1899 was the first to show that microorganisms in droplets expelled from the respiratory tract are a means of disease transmission. The term Flügge droplet was sometimes used for particles that are large enough to not completely dry out.[2] Flügge's concept of droplets as primary source and vector for respiratory transmission of diseases prevailed into the 1930s until Wells differentiated between large and small droplets.[3][4] Wells' major contribution was to show that the nuclei of evaporated droplets can remain in the air for long enough for others to breathe them in and become infected.[5] He developed the Wells curve, which describes how the size of respiratory droplets influences their fate and thus their ability to transmit disease.[6] With Richard L. Riley, he also developed the Wells-Riley equation "to express the mass balance of transmission factors under steady state conditions."[7]

In 1935, Wells demonstrated that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), which had been used to kill microorganisms on surfaces and in liquids, could also be used to kill airborne infectious organisms. This experiment proved that he had been correct that droplet nuclei could be infectious, and also suggested a route for prevention. In 1935, Wells helped develop UVGI barriers for the Infants' and Children's Hospital in Boston, using cubicle-like rooms subjected to high-intensity UV light to reduce cross-contamination. From 1937 to 1941, Wells implemented a long-term study using upper-room UVGI, that is, UVGI which only sterilized the area above people's heads, allowing the room to be occupied at the time but relying on vertical ventilation to ensure the occupants breathe sterilized air. This study installed upper-room UVGI in suburban Philadelphia schools to prevent the spread of measles. Wells' 1955 book Air Contagion and Air Hygiene has been described as the authoritative book on the subject and a "landmark monograph on air hygiene."[5]

Tuberculosis

Wells first proposed the idea of droplet nucleus transmission of tuberculosis in the 1930s. He demonstrated that rabbits could be infected with bovine TB through droplets.[1]

In 1954, Wells began a long-term experiment to demonstrate that tuberculosis could be transmitted through air. At the VA Hospital in Baltimore, collaborating with Riley, John Barnwell, and Cretyl C. Mills, he built a chamber for 150 guinea pigs to be exposed to air from infectious patients in a nearby TB ward. After two years, they found that an average of three guinea pigs a month were indeed infected. Although this was exactly the rate Wells had predicted, skeptics complained that other methods of transmission (such as the animals' food and water) had not been conclusively ruled out. A second long-term study was begun, this time with a second chamber for an additional 150 guinea pigs, whose air was sterilized with UVGI. The animals in the second room did not become ill, proving that the only transmission vector in the first room was the air from the tuberculosis ward. The study was completed in 1961, and published in 1962, though Wells did not see the final paper.[1]

Major works
  • "On Air-Borne Infection." American Journal of Epidemiology. 20 (3): 611–618.
  • Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene: An Ecological Study of Droplet Infections. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1955.

References
  1. Riley, Richard L. (2001-01-01). "What Nobody Needs to Know About Airborne Infection". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 163 (1): 7–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.hh11-00. ISSN 1073-449X.
  2. Hare, R. (1964-03-01). "The transmission of respiratory infections". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 57 (3): 221–230. doi:10.1177/003591576405700329. ISSN 0035-9157. PMC 1897886. PMID 14130877.
  3. Wells, W. F. (1934). "On air-borne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei". American Journal of Epidemiology. 20 (3): 611–618. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118097.
  4. Bourouiba, Lydia (2020-03-26). "Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 32215590.
  5. Reed, Nicholas G. (2010). "The History of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Air Disinfection". Public Health Reports. 125 (1): 15–27. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 2789813. PMID 20402193.
  6. World Health Organization; Y. Chartier; C. L Pessoa-Silva (2009). Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-care Settings. World Health Organization. p. 79. ISBN 978-92-4-154785-7.
  7. Donald, P. R.; Diacon, A. H.; Lange, C.; Demers, A.-M.; von Groote-Biddlingmeier, F.; Nardell, E. (2018-09-01). "Droplets, dust and guinea pigs: an historical review of tuberculosis transmission research, 1878–1940". doi:10.5588/ijtld.18.0173. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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