Wichí languages

The Wichí languages are an indigenous language family spoken by the Wichí in northwestern Argentina and far-southeastern Bolivia, part of the Matacoan family. They are also known as Mataco, Wichi, Wichí Lhamtés, Weenhayek, Noctenes, Matahuayo, Matako, Weʃwo. The name Mataco is common but pejorative.

Wichí
Geographic
distribution		Argentina, Bolivia
Linguistic classificationMatacoan
  • Wichí
Subdivisions
Glottologwich1261
ELPWichí[1]

Status

Currently, the Argentine government does not have education in indigenous languages in schools. Because the Wichí have to be fluent in Spanish to access government services, and children are only educated in Spanish, Wichí children only speak Spanish among themselves. This has made all Wichí dialects vulnerable to extinction.[2]

Languages

They include the following languages:

The Argentine National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC) gives a figure of 36,135 Wichí speakers in Argentina.

In Rosario, the third biggest city of Argentina, there is a community of about 10,000 Wichí people, all of them fluent in Wichi, and some native speakers. There are a couple of bilingual primary schools.

For Bolivia, Alvarsson estimated between 1,700 and 2,000 speakers in 1988; a census reported 1,912, and Díez Astete & Riester (1996)[3] estimated between 2,300 and 2,600 Weenhayek in sixteen communities.

According to Najlis (1968)[4] and Gordon (2005),[5] three main dialects can be distinguished in the Wichí group: southwestern or Vejós (Wehwós), northeastern or Güisnay (Weenhayek) and northwestern or Nocten (Oktenay). Tovar (1981)[6] and other authors claim the existence of only two dialects (northeastern and southwestern), while Braunstein (1992–3)[7] identifies eleven ethnic subgroups.

Wichí languages are predominantly suffixing and polysynthetic; verbal words have between 2 and 15 morphemes. Alienable and inalienable possession is distinguished. The phonological inventory is large, with simple, glottalized and aspirated stops and sonorants. The number of vowels varies with dialect (five or six).

Phonology
Consonant sounds in the Wichi languages[8]
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central palatal lateral plain labial palatal plain labial
Plosive plain p t k kʷ kʲ q ʔ
aspirated pʰtʰ kʰ qʰ
ejective pʼtʼ kʼ kʲʼ qʼ
Affricate plain ts tʃ
aspirated tsʰ
ejective tsʼ tʃʼ
Fricative fʷ s ɬ x χ h hʷ
Nasal voiced m n ɲ
voiceless m̥ n̥ n̥ʲ
preglottal ʼm ʼn ʼɲ
Approximant voiced l j w
voiceless l̥ j̥ w̥
preglottal ʼl ʼj ʼw
Vowel sounds in the Wichi languages[8]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɑ


Notes
  1. Endangered Languages Project data for Wichí.
  2. Avram (2008)
  3. Díez Astete & Riester (1996).
  4. Najlis (1968)
  5. Gordon (2005).
  6. Tovar (1981)
  7. Campbell & Grondona (2010), p. 639, citing Braunstein (1992–1993).
  8. Nercesian (2011); Avram (2008)

References
  • Avram, Megan Leigh Zdrojkowski (2008). A Phonological Description of Wichí: The Dialect of Misión La Paz, Salta, Argentina (Master of Arts thesis). Eastern Michigan University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.841.8674.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Braunstein, José (1992–1993). "Presentación esquema provisorio de las tribus chaqueñas". Hacia una Nueva Carta Étnica del Gran Chaco. 4. Las Lomitas, Formosa: Centro del Hombre Antiguo Chaqueño. pp. 1–8.
  • Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2010). "Who speaks what to whom? Multilingualism and language choice in Misión La Paz". Language in Society. 39 (5): 6167–646. doi:10.1017/S0047404510000631. JSTOR 40925814.
  • Díez Astete, Álvaro; Riester, Jürgen (1996). "Etnias y territorios indígenas". In Mihotek, Kathy (ed.). Comunidades, territorios indígenas y biodiversidad en Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: UAGRM-Banco Mundial.
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
  • Najlis, Elena L. (1968). "Dialectos del Mataco". Anales de la Universidad del Salvador (in Spanish): 232–241.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Nercesian, Verónica (2011). "Stress in Wichí (Mataguayan) and its Interaction with the Word Formation Processes" (PDF). Amerindia (35): 75–102. hdl:11336/44222.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Nercesian, Verónica (2011b). Gramática del wichí, una lengua chaqueña: Interacción fonología-morfología-sintaxis en el léxico (Doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). University of Buenos Aires.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Terraza, Jimena (2009). Grammaire du wichi: phonologie et morphosyntaxe (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université du Québec à Montréal.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tovar, Antonio (1981). Relatos y diálogos de los Matacos : seguidos de una gramática de su lengua (in Spanish). Madrid: Edita Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN 84-7232-282-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.