Viral interference

Viral interference, also known as superinfection resistance,[1] is the inhibition of viral reproduction caused by previous exposure of cells to another virus.[2] The exact mechanism for viral interference is unknown.[3] Factors that have been implicated are the generation of interferons by infected cells,[4] and the occupation or down-modulation of cellular receptors.[1]

Bacteriophage T4

A primary infection by bacteriophage (phage) T4 of its E. coli host ordinarily leads to genetic exclusion of a secondarily infecting phage, preventing the secondary phage from contributing its genetic information to progeny. This viral interference depends on the expression by the primary phage of the genes immunity (imm) and spackle (sp).[5][6] The imm gp appears to enable the host exonuclease V to degrade the superinfecting phage DNA, and the sp gp appears to interfere with the DNA injection process of secondary phage.[6] If the primary infecting phage is subjected to DNA damaging treatment prior to infection, this treatment tends to permit entry of the secondary phage’s DNA, thus shifting reproduction from an asexual to a sexual mode and allowing rescue of the primary phage’s genes.[7]

See also

References
  1. Remion, Azaria; Delord, Marc; Saragosti, Sentob; Mammano, Fabrizio (2013-09-19). "Co-infection, super-infection and viral interference in HIV". Retrovirology. 10 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-S1-P72. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 3847922. PMID 26499042.
  2. Schultz-Cherry, Stacey (2015-12-01). "Viral Interference: The Case of Influenza Viruses". The Journal of Infectious Diseases (Editorial). 212 (11): 1690–1691. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv261. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 4633756. PMID 25943206.
  3. Laurie, Karen L.; Horman, William; Carolan, Louise A.; Chan, Kok Fei; Layton, Daniel; Bean, Andrew; Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran; Reading, Patrick C.; McCaw, James M.; Barr, Ian G. (2018-01-30). "Evidence for Viral Interference and Cross-reactive Protective Immunity Between Influenza B VirusLineages". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 217 (4): 548–559. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix509. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 5853430. PMID 29325138.
  4. Dianzani, F. (July 1975). "Viral interference and interferon". La Ricerca in Clinica e in Laboratorio. 5 (3): 196–213. doi:10.1007/BF02908284 (inactive 2021-01-10). ISSN 0390-5748. PMID 778995.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
  5. Cornett JB. Spackle and immunity functions of bacteriophage T4. J Virol. 1974;13(2):312-321. doi:10.1128/JVI.13.2.312-321.1974
  6. Obringer JW. The functions of the phage T4 immunity and spackle genes in genetic exclusion. Genet Res. 1988;52(2):81-90. doi:10.1017/s0016672300027440
  7. Bernstein C. Damage in DNA of an infecting phage T4 shifts reproduction from asexual to sexual allowing rescue of its genes. Genet Res. 1987;49(3):183-189. doi:10.1017/s0016672300027063


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