Vesivirus

Vesivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caliciviridae.[1] Swine, sea mammals, and felines serve as natural hosts. There are currently only two species in this genus including the type species Vesicular exanthema of swine virus.[1] Diseases associated with this genus include: respiratory disease, Feline calicivirus (FCV); conjunctivitis, and respiratory disease.[1][2]

Vesivirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Vesivirus
Type species
Vesicular exanthema of swine virus
Species and member viruses[1]
  • Feline calicivirus
    • Feline calicivirus
  • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus
    • Bovine calicivirus Bos-1
    • Bovine calicivirus Bos-2
    • California sea lion vesivirus
    • Cetacean calicivirus Tur-1
    • Human calicivirus
    • Primate calicivirus Pan-1
    • Reptile calicivirus Cro-1
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 1
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 2
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 4
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 5
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 6
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 7
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 8
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 9
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 10
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 11
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 12
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 13
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 14
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 15
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 16
    • San Miguel sea lion virus 17
    • Skunk calicivirus
    • Steller sea lion vesivirus V810
    • Steller sea lion vesivirus V1415
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus 1934B
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus A48
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus B51
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus C52
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus D53
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus E54
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus F55
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus G55
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus H54
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus I55
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus J56
    • Vesicular exanthema of swine virus K54
    • Walrus calicivirus
  • Vesivirus incertae sedis
    • Canine calicivirus
    • 2117 CHOcalicivirus
    • Mink calicivirus

Taxonomy
Group: ssRNA(+)[1]
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Caliciviridae
Genus: Vesivirus

Other, unofficial Vesi-like viruses include canine calicivirus, San Miguel sealion virus, vesivirus Cro1 and walrus calicivirus.[3]

Virion properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is non-enveloped, and are round with icosahedral symmetry and triangulation number T=3. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 35–39 nm. Empty virions have diameter of 23 nm, with triangulation number T=1.[2] The capsid surface structure reveals a regular pattern with distinctive features, including 32 cup-shaped depressions. The capsomer arrangement is clearly visible.

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
VesivirusIcosahedralT=1, T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by RNA termination-reinitiation. Swine, sea mammals, and felines serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are air borne particles.[2]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
VesivirusFelinesUpper respiratoryCell receptor endocytosisLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmAerosol

Physical and chemical properties

The molecular mass (Mr) of virions is 15 x 106. Virions have a buoyant density in Caesium chloride (CsCl) of 1.33–1.41 g/cm3. The density gradient of virions in Potassium Tartrate-Glycerol is 1.29 g/cm3. The sedimentation coefficient is 170–187 svedberg (s20,w), of the other(s) peak at 160–170 svedberg (s20,w). Under in vitro conditions virions are inactivated in acid environment of pH 3–5. Virions are not stable at raised temperature in presence of high concentration of Mg++. Virions are sensitive to treatment with trypsin (in some strains, not sensitive to treatment with mild detergents, or ether, or chloroform. The infectivity is enhanced after treatment with trypsin (in some strains).

Genome

The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of linear positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are some times also found in virions. The complete genome is 7700 nucleotides long. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 45–49%. The 5' end of the genome has a genome-linked protein (VPg). The 3' terminus has a poly (A) tract. Each virion contains a full length copy, or defective interfering copies.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes viral structural protein. Virions consist of 1 viral structural protein (major species), or 2 Viral structural proteins (detected in Norwalk virus, amyelosis chronic stunt virus and porcine enteric calicivirus located in the capsid.

Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass of 58000–60000 Da; is the coat protein. Capsid protein has a molecular mass of minor 'soluble' 28–30 kDa.

Antigenicity

Serological relationships between different members are found (among Feline calicivirus). Cross-reactivity is found. Cross-reactivity between species of the same serotype, but not with species of another serotype and some species of the same serotype, but not with all. Although the degree of antigenic specificity varies with the degree of relatedness, the antigenicity is distinct from canine caliciviruses, Norwalk virus serogroups of the same genus.

Impact on health

Vesivirus infects both humans and animals.[4] Vesivirus is highly infectious and transmission easily occurs because the blisters and skin contain large quantities of vesivirus. Premises that are heavily contaminated with vesivirus can be a source of infection for several months.[5]

As part of the family Calciviridae, vesivirus is rated as a Category B Biodefense pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.[6] Category B pathogens are the second highest priority organisms/biological agents, because they are moderately easy to disseminate, result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates, and require specific enhancements for diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance.[6]

The clinical features of vesivirus infection include intensely itching vesicles with clear fluid-containing blisters that erode into shallow ulcers. The vesiculating blisters have been observed on hands (humans), flippers (sea-lions), hooves (livestock), and the throat and neck (primates). Additional symptoms of vesivirus infection can include hepatitis (human), abortions (livestock), pneumonia (livestock and marine mammals), diarrhea (livestock), gingivitis (primates), myocarditis (livestock and sea mammals), and encephalitis (primates, livestock and sea mammals).[5]

Vesivirus infectivity and cytopathology can vary with the strain, species, and the cell type that is infected.[5] Some animals may only be infected for a short time, but other animals such as chimpanzees may have persistent recurring infections.[7]

In 2002, a new strain of vesivirus (termed 2117) was isolated as a cell culture contamination of Chinese hamster ovary cells at Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG.[8] Vesivirus-2117 is not well studied. However, Vesivirus 2117 has a large host range and poses a significant threat to human and animal species as an emerging pathogen.[9]

In June 2009, Genzyme's Allston, Massachusetts plant was shut down for production of Cerezyme, Fabrazyme, Thyrogen and Myozyme after an infection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with Vesivirus 2117. A similar contamination had occurred in 2008 at the Geel, Belgium facilities and previously at the Allston plant in 2008.[10] Company officials stated that vesivirus can taint these drugs.[11]

The viral genetic sequences of the Vesivirus 2117 strains, Allston 2008/US (GQ475302),[12] Geel 2008 Belgium (GQ475303),[13] and Allston 2009/US[14] were published in GenBank.

References
  1. "ICTV Report Caliciviridae".
  2. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. Farles. The Free Dictionary. Accessed 02-Mar-2010.
  4. Smith, A.; et al. (2006). "Vesivirus viremia and seroprevalence in humans". J. Med. Virol. 30 (8): 693–701. doi:10.1002/jmv.20594. PMC 7166889. PMID 16555277.
  5. Knowles, et al. (2015). "Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus". Molecular Detection of Animal Pathogens. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-0037-5.
  6. "NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/Pathogens--NIAID biodefense Research". October 26, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  7. A.W. Smith; et al. (July 1, 1983). "Calicivirus isolation and persistence in a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)". Science. 30 (4605): 79–81. Bibcode:1983Sci...221...79S. doi:10.1126/science.6304880. PMID 6304880.
  8. Oehmig, A.; et al. (April 2003). "Identification of a calicivirus isolate of unknown origin". Journal of General Virology. 221 (10): 2837–45. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19042-0. PMID 13679618.
  9. Plavsic, Mark; Shick, Klaudia; Bergmann, Katherine F.; Mallet, Laurent (2016). "Vesivirus 2117: Cell line infectivity range and effectiveness of amplification of a potential adventitious agent in cell culture used for biological production". Biologicals. 44 (6): 540–545. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.08.001. PMID 27640083.
  10. Angelo DePalma (April 15, 2010). "Viral Safety Methods for Manufacturing". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 30 (8).
  11. Ailworth, Erin; Weisman, Robert (2009-06-17). "Virus shuts Genzyme plant, holds up drugs for 8,000". Boston.com.
  12. "Calicivirus isolate Allston 2008/US, complete genome". Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  13. "Calicivirus isolate Geel 2008/Belgium non-structural polyprotein gene, partial cds; and capsid protein precursor and small structural protein genes, complete cds, complete genome". Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  14. "Calicivirus isolate Allston 2009/US, complete genome, complete genome". Retrieved 29 October 2016.
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