Verse of Wilayah
The Āyat al-Wilāyah (Arabic: آيَة ٱلْوِلَايَة, Verse of Wilayah[1] or Leadership)[2] is the 55th verse of Quran chapter 5 (al-ma'idah). Shi'ite scholars accept that the verse alludes to the giving of Zakat (alms) to the poor by ʿAli while he was in rukuʿ (bowing) during Salat (Prayer), but only the Shia see it as bestowing the succession of Muhammad upon him.
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Quranic text
إِنَّما وَلِيُّكُمُ ٱللهُ وَ رَسُولُهُ وَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الَّذِينَ يُقِيمُونَ الصَّلاةَ وَ يُؤْتُونَ الزَّكاةَ وَ هُمْ راكِعُونَ
Translation: Only God is your Waliyy and His Apostle and those who believe, those who keep up prayers and pay the poor rate and they bow [in worship].
— Qur'an 5:55[3]
Hadith
The Treasure of the Doers of Good Deeds records the hadith handed down from Ibn Abbas:[4]
Ali gave someone his ring in alms while he was in the state of rukūʿ in prayer. The Prophet (S) asked the beggar, "Who gave you this ring?" He replied, "That man during rukūʿ." Then Allah sent down the verse, "Your Waliyy is only Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe, those who establish ṣalāt and pay zakāt while they are bowing in rukūʿ." On that was written, "Glory be to He who honored me by making me His slave." After that it was engraved on his ring that all power and authority belongs to Allah.[5]
Many Shi'ite scholars narrates that the ring which Ali gave to that beggar was the ring of Sulayman. Most Muslim commentators accept that this event led to the revelation of the verse of Wilayah[6][4] from the archangel Gabriel.[7][8] In Shia accounts, the revelation was preceded by a repetition of the Hadith of Position, with Muhammad comparing his relationship with Ali to that between Musa and Harun.[7] Abu Dhar al-Ghifari, one of the earliest converts to Islam, was said to have related the following hadith to Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, the Sunni author of the Tafsir al-Thalabi:[9]
One day, I was praying with the Prophet in the mosque when a beggar walked in. No one responded to his pleas. The beggar raised his hands towards the heavens and said, "Allah! Be a witness that I came to the Prophet's Mosque and no one gave me anything." Imam Ali (a) was bowing during his prayer at that time. He pointed his little finger, on which was a ring, towards the beggar who came forward and took away the ring. The incident occurred in the Prophet's presence, and he raised his face towards heaven and prayed:
"O Lord! my brother Musa had begged of Thee to open his breast and to make his work easy for him, to loosen the knot of his tongue so that people might understand him, and to appoint from among his relations his brother, as his wali, and to strengthen his back with Harun and to make Harun his partner in his work. O Allah! Thou said to Musa, 'We will strengthen thy arm with thy brother. No one will now have access to either of you!'[10] O Allah! I am Muhammad and Thou hast given me distinction. Open my breast for me, make my work easy for me, and from my family appoint my brother Ali as my wali. Strengthen my back with him."[9][7]
In one Shia authority, the revelation of this verse was followed by the Hadith of the Pond of Khumm, whereby Muhammad stated that "For whomever I am the Mawlā (synonymous with wali), Ali is his Mawlā."[6]
Interpretation
The core meaning of the word Waliyy (Arabic: وَلِيّ) is "guardian",[11] but it has the extended senses of helper, friend, assistant, confederate, son-in-law, leader, and master.[1] In this passage, it has been understood in the sense of "helper" and "friend"[1] but is usually taken as referencing mastery or leadership [translated as wilayāh (Arabic: وِلَايَة)].[1][11][12] The surrounding verses advised Muslims not to take Jews or Christians who were fiercely opposed to Islam as their walis,[13] causing some to view it as discussing a social restriction on friendships:
"O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians as awliyāʾ (Arabic: أَوْلِيَاء, plural for waliyy). They are awliyā’ of one another. Wa-may-yatawallahum (Arabic: وَمَن يَّتَوَلَّهُم, "And whoever takes them as walis") among you - then indeed, he is [one] of them. Indeed, Allah guides not the wrongdoing people.
...
O you who have believed, take not those who have taken your religion in ridicule and amusement among the ones who were given the Scripture before you and the disbelievers as awliyāʾ. And fear Allah, if you should [truly] be believers."
— Qur'an, Sura 5 (Al-Ma'idah), Ayat 51 – 57.
Nevertheless, the use of the word wali is seen in the light of the hadith concerning Ali[11] in both Sunni and Shi'ite interpretations.[7]
The only (إِنَّمَا, innamā) awliyaʾ permitted by the verse are God and Muhammad and those who believe (i.e. Muslims).[11][12] The end of the verse is usually understood as restricting the believers who qualify as leaders: only Muslims who keep up their daily prayers and pay alms while bowing are permissible as walis.[12] More specifically, the Shia consider the intent of the verse to be restricted to Ali and the Imams who followed him.[4]
The status and meaning of this event is a matter of discussion amongst scholars of Islam.[14] Sunni and Shi'ite scholars agree that the verse was narrated in honour of Ali, but there are differing interpretations of wilayah and the Imamate.[7] The Sunni scholars believe that the verse is about Ali but does not recognize him as an Imām ('Leader' in this context), while in the Shi'ite Muslim view, Ali had been chosen by God as successor of Muhammad.[15] According to the Shia, imams are selected by God, which is known through the declaration of Muhammad or a previous imam, while the Sunni believe that imams and caliphs come to power in numerous ways, whether through selection by the previous leader, a committee or through usurpation of the office.[14]
See also
References
Citations
- Roshd.
- Makarem Shirazi, "Lesson 35, §4".
- "Quran [5:55]". tanzil.
- Rizvi (2014), pp. 42.
- Rizvi (2014), pp. 42–43.
- Shah-Kazemi (2010), p. 124.
- Rizvi & al. (2006), p. 24.
- Shomali (2004), p. 142.
- Shomali (2004), pp. 140–142.
- Quran 20:25.
- Kardan, Ch. 4.
- Mavani (2013), p. 68.
- Quran 5:51–57
- SE.
- Steigerwald (2008), p. 375.
Bibliography
- Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project Team, "The Major Difference between the Shia and the Sunni: Ghadir Khum, Pt. 2: The Meaning of Wali, Mawla, and Wilayah", A Shi'ite Encyclopedia.
- "Beliefs: The Verse of Wilayah", Islamic Shia Roshd, Toronto.
- Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2010), "Light upon Light? The Qurʾan and the Gospel of John", Interreligious Hermeneutics, Interreligious Dialogue Series, Vol. 2, Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers, pp. 116–148, ISBN 978-1-63087-425-4.
- Kardan, Ridha, Imamate And Infallibility of Imams In The Qur’an, translated from the Arabic by Sayyid Iraj Razzaqi for ABWA Publishing.
- Makarem Shirazi, Naser, Fifty Lessons on Principles of Belief for Youths, Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.
- Masad, Mohammad Ahmad (2008), The Medieval Islamic Apocalyptic Tradition: Divination, Prophecy and the End of Time in the 13th Century Eastern Mediterranean, ProQuest, ISBN 978-1-109-05173-5.
- Mavani, Hamid (2013), Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shiʿism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini, Routledge Studies in Political Islam, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-04473-2.
- Steigerwald, Diana (2008), "Twelver Shīʿī Taʾwīl", The Blackwell Companion to the Qurʾān, Blackwell Companions to Religion, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 373–385, ISBN 978-1-4051-7844-0.
- Rizvi, Allamah Sayyid Saeed Akhtar; et al. (2006) [1971], Imamate (The Vicegerency of the Holy Prophet), 8th ed., Dar-es-Salaam: Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania, ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
- Rizvi, Syed Tilmiz Hasnain, ed. (2014), Virtues of ʿAli b. Abī Ṭālib (as), 3rd ed., §38, E. Windsor: translated from the Urdu by Sheikh Idrees Samawi for Nashr-e-Dānish Research Academy, ISBN 978-1-304-87140-4. (in Urdu) & (in English)
- Shomali, Mohammad Ali (2004), "Imamate and Wilayah, Pt. IV" (PDF), Message of Thaqalayn, Vol. 13, No. 1, London: reprinted in 2012 by the Islamic Centre of England.