Velocity time integral

Velocity Time Integral is a clinical Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow, equivalent to the area under the velocity time curve.The product of VTI (cm/stroke) and the cross sectional area of a valve (cm2) yields a stroke volume (cm3/stroke), which can be used to calculate cardiac output.VTI can be performed across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), carotid artery, or other blood vessels. LVOT VTI can be incorporated into a POCUS examination to determine the etiology of shock[1] or to predict fluid responsiveness.[2] LVOT VTI can also be used to monitor cardiac output intra-operatively,[3] or as method to precisely quantify cardiac output in patients with advanced heart failure.

See also

References
  1. Blanco, Pablo; Aguiar, Francisco Miralles; Blaivas, Michael (2015). "Rapid Ultrasound in Shock (RUSH) Velocity-Time Integral". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 34 (9): 1691–1700. doi:10.7863/ultra.15.14.08059. ISSN 1550-9613.
  2. Miller, Ashley; Mandeville, Justin (June 2016). "Predicting and measuring fluid responsiveness with echocardiography". Echo Research and Practice. 3 (2): G1–G12. doi:10.1530/ERP-16-0008. ISSN 2055-0464. PMC 4989101. PMID 27249550.
  3. Perrino, Albert C.; Harris, Stephen N.; Luther, Martha A. (1998-08-01). "Intraoperative Determination of Cardiac Output Using Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography A Comparison to Thermodilution". Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 89 (2): 350–357. ISSN 0003-3022.
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