Upper Fraser, British Columbia

Upper Fraser developed between Aleza Lake and Hansard on the southwest side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. The community of about 20 residents[1] comprises a post-office and several houses straddling Upper Fraser Road.

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Upper Fraser, British Columbia
Community
Location of Upper Fraser in British Columbia
Coordinates: 54°07′00″N 121°56′00″W
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Land DistrictCariboo
Regional DistrictFraser-Fort George
Geographic RegionRobson Valley
Elevation
610 m (2,001 ft)
Area code(s)250, 778, 236, & 672

Transportation

A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train.[2] The immediate Via Rail stops are Aleza Lake to the west and McGregor to the southeast.

History

Railway

Upper Fraser lies at Mile 104.0, Fraser Subdivision.[3][4] Previously designated as Mile 194 and the Hudson Bay Spur, it was the closest railway point east of Willow River for accessing the Fraser. During 1914, Edward Andrew Seebach (1880–1932)[5] (Seeback alternate spelling) and Albert James Huble (1872–1947)[6] (Hubble alternate spelling), and farmer[7] George McDowell, their agent, regularly advertised[8] their weekly passenger and freight motorboat service to Giscome Portage, which connected with the waterways to the Peace Country via Finlay Forks. Five years later, the opening of the Prince George–Summit Lake wagon road superseded this route.[9]

A steamboat service from Prince George operated into the 1920s. The spur also provided the best link to the outside world for mining and hunting activities to its north and northwest that encompassed the river and its tributaries. Unlike the unsafe and difficult Giscome Rapids[10][11] downstream, calm waters prevailed upstream to the spur.[12][13] However, winter freezing, limited river use to summer months.[14]

In May 1913, during the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway construction, the Smith and Ramsay camp was just northwest at former Mile 195, and their engineer, F. Purvis, was just southeast at former Mile 193.[15] Although variations of the name Hudson Bay Spur were in use until the 1930s,[16] the 1920 description as the Hudson Bay’s old spur suggests the actual spur had fallen into disuse by that time.[14] Largely known as Upper Fraser Spruce Mills from the early 1940s, the Canadian National Railway station was called Upper Fraser from 1964.

During the 1945/46 winter, when a brush with a freight train broke a moose's leg, a rifle shot put the hobbling animal out of its misery.[17] Rather than plunging into the deep snow flanking the roadbed, moose often ran ahead of trains for miles, which delayed services and hindered section crews (track maintenance).[18] Vicious moose not only challenged trains, but also charged children on their way to school,[19] or adults walking along the tracks.[20] During the 1948/49 winter, a snow plow travelling at 25 mph (40 km/h) scooped up William John Zuck lying on the tracks. The plow train's crew car carried the victim to Prince George, where a hospital examination found no injuries.[21]

A westbound freight train instantly killed deaf George Whitford (1885–1965),[22] who was sitting upon the track at Upper Fraser.[23][24] The following year, a 160-foot (49 m) washout west of Aleza Lake terminated a westbound passenger train at Upper Fraser. The mill cookhouse fed the passengers, who remained on board. Towed through heavy mud and deep holes by bulldozers near Giscome, three buses brought eastbound passengers from Prince George, and returned with the westbound ones.[25] In 1968, a railway accident cost H. Dyck two toes.[26]

In 1978, Upper Fraser was one of the 11 communities between Prince Rupert and the Alberta border, where the CNR replaced its agent-operator position[27] with a resident serving as a CN Express agent.[28]

Service1943–c.1947c.1948–c.1953c.1954–c.1958c.1959–19611961–c.1962c.1963–19651965–19771977–present
[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
[45][46][47]		[3][48][49][50]
[51][52][53][54]
PassengerFlag stopFlag stopFlag stopFlag stopFlag stopRegular stopFlag stop
Way freightFlag stop probablyFlag stopFlag stopFlag stop probablyFlag stopFlag stopRegular stop
Other Tracks Mile No.* 1943–60 1965 1968 1972 1977 1990–92
(Capacity Length) Cars [29][36] Cars [41] Cars [44] Cars [46] Feet [3] Feet [50][51]
Upper Fraser Spruce Mills 104.0 11 35 103
Upper Fraser 104.0 5,600
Northwood Timber 104.1 85
Upper Fraser Sawmills 104.1 3,650
  • Assumedly, a remeasurement confirmed the spur switch was closer to Mile 104.0

Forestry

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some 100 miles (160 km) east of Prince George was known as the East Line.[55] Reputedly, a small mill existed at the location in 1928.[56]

In 1935, Donald (Don) S. McPhee (1892–1964),[57] formerly at Sinclair Mills,[58] and A. Roy Spurr (1885–1954), formerly at Penny,[59][60] partners in the Giscome mill, acquired and relocated the equipment from the bankrupt Longworth Lumber Co. The following year, pioneer lumberman George Stauble (1898–1971)[61] supervised the reconstruction. Incorporated as the Upper Fraser Spruce Mills,[62] the 40,000-foot per shift capacity modern mill[63] opened in 1939.[64] That year, the three mills controlled by the partnership produced almost 60 percent of the lumber in the Prince George district.[65] Cecil T. Clare (1905–85)[66] came from Sinclair Mills in 1937 to manage the 100-man company. He was president of the Northern Interior Lumberman's Association (1945–48 and 1959–60).

From 1940, Clare largely replaced horses with vehicles for hauling logs from the bush.[67] C. Merle, his wife, was active in the local Red Cross fundraising efforts.[68] The company logging Camp 13 temporarily closed for a week in 1942, while the crew went to fight a forest fire at Purden Lake.[69] During the 1942/43 winter, a falling tree fractured logger Albert Roussin's skull,[70] and a decking hoist employee at Camp 15 badly burned his face when a blow torch, thawing an engine, caused a gas tank explosion.[71]

During the following winter, snow accumulation collapsed the roofs of a bunkhouse and barn at Camp 17. Eight escaped unhurt, one sustained concussion, and another suffered minor facial injuries, but a horse died.[72] When braces broke weeks later, the released large deck of logs fatally crushed George Swan (1894–1944).[73] Employees contributed to a collection for his widow.[74] While riding the steam-powered saw carriage, which steadily moves a log through the saw blade, dogger Albert Anderson (1925–44)[75] encountered a sudden failure of the steam feed valve. The uncontrollable carriage forcefully ejected him, fatally breaking his neck.[76] In 1945, logger Adolf Bruestle (later at Aleza Lake) sustained extensive facial abrasions at Camp 17.[77] Two years later, James Ernest Clish (1927–87)[78] lost a leg in a mill accident.[79] Although the 1949 fire totally consumed the mill, the rebuilding project took only three months.[80]

Falling branches or tree trunks killed company loggers Jean Ouellette (c.1927–50)[81] and Emanuel Zielke (1927–50),[82] prompting calls for better training.[83] Mile 98 (McGregor) was the next logging camp.[84] When the government introduced forest management licences that year, Upper Fraser Spruce Mills was among the first five approved in principle within the Prince George district,[85] and quickly granted.[86] Logging moved from the Bowron River to Mile 98.[87] (Nick) Vid Tomich (1893–1958)[88] sustained fatal spinal injuries after tumbling from a 12-foot-high lumber pile.[89] A year later, the company received one of the nine tree farm licences that followed from the 1956 Royal Commission Report.[90]

In 1960, Don McPhee and Cecil T. Clare sold Upper Fraser Spruce Ltd. for almost a million dollars to National Forest Products Ltd. (NFP) (formerly Midway Terminals Ltd.). Soon moving to Vancouver, Clare was chair of Canadian Lumber Standards (1962–71).[91] Already owning Sinclair Spruce Lumber Co. Ltd.,[92] NFP appointed E.R. McDonald as general manager for both companies.[93] Within a year, the Noranda Mines Ltd./Mead Corporation partnership established Northwood Pulp and Timber Ltd., which acquired the above operations.[94][95] The next year, John R. Blackstock became general manager.[96] A heavy plate falling from a crawler inflicted fatal head injuries upon mechanic William (Bill) H. Chance (1921–62),[97] who had recently transferred from Sinclair Mills.[98] A 1964 fire destroyed a diesel generating unit and part of the mill powerhouse.[99]

In the late 1960s, the mill underwent a major expansion.[100] After voting in favour of strike action,[101] the IWA strike at BC interior mills[102] ended the following month in the north,[103] but in the south lasted seven months.[104] The 480,000-foot capacity Upper Fraser operation provided woodchips to Northwood Pulp in Prince George as a by-product. The mill built and equipped a recreation centre, catering especially for the 100–130 single employees.[105]

Another round of strike ballots began in October 1970,[106] which led to a wildcat strike,[107] before employees at Northwood sawmills at Eagle Lake and Upper Fraser, along with Its McGregor logging camp, ratified the proposed contract settlement.[108] A strike vote followed when the 1972 contract negotiations broke off.[109] An alleged unjustified disciplinary action by a supervisor, an open sewage system, and sham safety procedures, prompted an illegal walkout. Workers returned after a couple of days,[110] but walked out again within two days, when the company refused to promise that strikers would not receive disciplinary action.[111] An injunction forced employees back within two days.[112]

In 1973, a freight car shortage increased finished lumber inventory. When exacerbated by a nationwide rail strike, all five northern BC sawmills operated by Northwood Pulp and Timber closed for a week.[113] A year later, weakened lumber markets resulted in massive layoffs at Northwood's Houston and Upper Fraser sawmills,[114] and reducing to single shifts from the fall.[115] The seven-week BC Rail strike, which ended in January 1975, hampered woodchip shipments to the Northwood pulp mills. However, it did not delay the Upper Fraser sawmill reopening after the Christmas/New Year break.[116] The pulpworker strike months later put many sawmill employees on indefinite layoff, owing to a lack of burning capacity or space to store the chips.[117] IWA members at Northwood sawmills, having accepted their latest contract, continued on the job despite the ongoing pulp mill strike.[118] In 1977, the IWA was pressing for one province-wide set of negotiations, while employers in the north, which included the Northwood sawmills, clung to separate talks.[119] The following year, owner-operators of logging trucks protested their compensation rates.[120]

Surpassing earlier upgrades,[121] the company installed a new double-cut bandsaw and lumber sorter in 1978[122] in a $6.4 million modernization to improve the mill's efficiency.[123] Paul A. Calder (1931–79)[124] died of asphyxiation after falling into a hog fuel intake bin.[125] Northwood sawmills at Prince George, Upper Fraser, Shelley and Houston supplied half the woodchip requirements for the Prince George pulp mill.[126] With weakening market demand during 1980, Northwood temporarily introduced a four-day workweek at all sawmills except Shelley.[127] The following year, lack of progress in contract talks led to illegal strikes, which included Upper Fraser.[128] The summer province-wide strike[129] lasted six weeks.[130] A month later, Northwood sawmills temporarily implemented four-day workweeks.[131]

In early 1982, with the ongoing market slump, the Upper Fraser mill further reduced output from 80 percent to 60 percent by laying off indefinitely 117 out of 251 employees, and adopting a one-shift five-day workweek.[132] To reduce energy costs, the mill installed new burners that consumed wood shavings instead of natural gas or propane. The process heated oil for circulation to drying kilns and the mill itself.[133] The company consolidated all vacation time into a four-week period to shut down the mill for the summer.[134] The next summer, the mill returned to two shifts and the workforce totalled 1,000.[135]

Rolling strikes throughout the north during 1986,[136] which escalated into a four-month province-wide woodworkers strike, resulted in a moratorium on contracting out work normally performed by union members until a royal commission had studied the issue.[137] The following spring, mill employees and the Upper Fraser volunteer fire department tackled a huge fire in the log deck area. Their 1954 Thibault fire truck ran nonstop for 36 hours, assisted by the company's helicopter hauling water to drop on the burning logs and a fire bomber dropping retardant. After protecting the mill and the town since the 1970s, the department acquired a replacement fire truck. Northwood donated the Thibault to the Prince George Railway and Forestry Museum in 1999.[138]

Bandsaw operator Shirley Anne Elaine Peterson (c.1952–88)[139][140] sustained fatal injuries when pinned between lumber and a roller case.[141] Later that year, market conditions necessitated a two-week shutdown.[142] To secure log supplies months later, Northwood increased subcontractor payment rates to improve compensation for logging truck owner-operators.[143] In 1990 and 1993, disputes triggered brief walkouts.[144]

The 1990 $16.5 million modernization, which closed the mill for several weeks, was far more extensive than the rebuilds in the 1950s, 1968, and 1978. New computerized equipment controlled thinner saw blades and edgers that maximized the amount of square lumber from each round log, but eliminated 10–15 jobs. An additional wood waste burner lowered emissions. Capacity increased to 960,000 board feet.[145] The next year, the second shift was dropped for four weeks.[146] A 1994 mill fire damaged wiring for the cut-off saws which turn log stems into desired lengths.[147] During 1995, a new edger-optimizer was installed,[148] and a single shift operated for eight weeks over the summer.[149]

A 1997 fire, on a sub-zero January night, destroyed the primary breakdown area where the logs entered the mill. The volunteer fire department was able to save the other half, housing the head rig and high-tech equipment.[56] The larger machinery, like cut-off saws, debarkers and canters sustained $20–30 million of damage. (The latter is a moving deck that cuts round logs into a square shape for processing as lumber, while the curved parts move on to become chips for a pulp mill). The planer mill, operating a single shift, continued processing existing inventory and lumber trucked in from elsewhere. After a period of uncertainty,[150] Northwood announced plans to rebuild.[151] This included a new $6 million merchandiser (a mechanized deck that fed and cut to length the arriving logs). The mill, which traditionally handled the larger logs,[152] became equally suited to handle the predominantly medium sizes available.[153] About eight months after the fire, the mill resumed production, reaching full operation a month later.[154] Weakening demand prompted a short shutdown a year later.[155]

In 1999, Canfor purchased the Northwood operations, which included the Upper Fraser mill.[156] Securing a three-year pact with the IWA,[157] the company doubled shutdowns.[158] The $8.5-million insurance settlement for the 1997 fire helped Canfor's 2001 first quarter profit.[159] The mill permanently closed in 2003.[160][161]

Community

During the mid-to-late 1940s, the location gradually became Upper Fraser[162] and the former name of Mile 104 phased out.[163] From 1940, children attended school in Hansard, where they occasionally stayed overnight when the road was impassable.[164] Samuel Laird was the inaugural Upper Fraser postmaster 1942–44.[165][166] The musically gifted[167] William (Bill) (1911–48)[168][169] & Jeanne (c.1919–2003)[170][171] Padlesky and children arrived in 1943, where Bill worked in the mill. Tired of walking three miles (4.8 km) to the Hansard store for groceries and the mail, they opened the first general store in the community.[172] Although the mill was designated as the postmaster 1944–48,[166] the post-office clearly was not open for all of this period.

Budgeted at $7,500,[173] the one-room school[174] opened for the 1948/49 year.[175] The community held dances and other fundraising socials in the building.[176] Gordon Gale opened a store, and wife Lorraine (1920–69)[177] was postmaster 1948–50 and 1952-60,[166] a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. Harold Toplis (1908–84)[178][179] took over in 1951,[180] and wife Eleanor (1900–93)[181] (né Stewart, former Hansard teacher)[182] was postmaster 1950–52.[166] Organized religion during the 1950s was limited to occasional United Church baptisms,[183] and Catholic services on alternate Sundays at the school.[184]

Disembarking Ole Hansen of Hansard's boat prior to its capsizing, saved Mable and Gladys (the older Padlesky children) from a likely drowning.[185] Months later, when a fire raged through the Padlesky store and home, Mable (1938–2014)[186] was away at boarding school. Gladys (1941–2004)[187] crawled out, mother Jeanne dragged Joyce (1943–55)[188] in a sheet, and holding Gloria (c.1948–), they exited to safety, but the blaze destroyed the building and all their possessions.[189] An alternate account mentions a forest fire as the cause, and Joyce running back into the burning building before her mother rescued her.[171] Jeanne remarrying, the family moved to Prince George.[190] Joyce, still haunted by the fire, drowned in the Fraser River.[191] A 1968 fire gutted a small cabin Jeanne owned at Willow River.[192][193]

In 1953, a new hall opened.[194] Budgeted at $2,500 for the building and $500 for furnishings, a teacherage came in the mid-1950s.[195] Enrolments ranged 19–46 until 1960.[196][197] To address overcrowding, an additional one-room building provided more classroom space and teaching staff.[198]

Francis (Frank) H. (1913–75)[199] & Dorothy M. (1917–92)[200][201] Hern owned the store/gas bar.[202] Dorothy was postmaster from 1960.[166] Their son Brian (1951–60)[203] died in a motor vehicle accident at Aleza Lake.[204]

During the early 1960s, the United Church held Sunday afternoon services, sometimes as frequently as every second week.[205] With the appointment of a lay minister at Giscome, oversight transferred from St. Andrews in Prince George.[206] During the mid-1960s, services were held on alternate Wednesday evenings.[207]

The school board budgeted $33,000 for a building program.[208] For the 1964/65 year, pressing needs elsewhere, meant only two new portables were available, plus one from the Aleza Lake school. The mill operated the bus to transport students the six miles (9.7 km) from that location.[209] By 1965, two surplus teacherages existed at Upper Fraser.[210] The Royal Produce supermarket opened in 1966.[211]

Northwood approached the RDFFG to examine a proposal for a town site. The preliminary 1972 study indicated few people were interested in owning houses in the area and preferred better roads for commuting.[212] Subsequently, the district used a $25,000 federal planning grant to investigate the feasibility of establishing a new community to replace the existing rundown mill town.[213] At the time, the population was about 600. That year, egg-sized hail punched holes through roofs and smashed windows.[214] Unmaintained since the sawmill closed, Sinclair Mills' deteriorating wooden water pipes forced the temporary closure of that school. From the 1972/73 year, the 14 students were bussed 15 miles (24 km) to Upper Fraser.[215] Assumedly the school reopened when the new owner of the Sinclair Mills site restored the infrastructure.[216]

The Mt. Tabor Pastoral Charge of the United Church held occasional services,[217] which developed into a regular Monday night Sunday school and study group from November 1970 to June 1971.[218] November 1971 to July 1972 offered only a Monday night Sunday school.[219] A Monday night Sunday school and service were held during September and October 1972,[220] which changed to a Sunday afternoon service and Monday night Sunday school for the period until June 1973,[221] except January to April, when both activities were held on Sunday.[222]

The town site received water and sewer pipes in the 1970s.[196] The two-storey general store, fronted by two gas pumps, was advertised for sale during 1973–75.[223] By the mid-1970s, the closure of post-offices in smaller communities between Prince George and Hansard, left only the ones at Willow River and Upper Fraser open.[224]

Abe Siemens and Monty Woodley were the first two principals.[196] A report recommended the half-filled dormitory building in Prince George, which housed mostly Upper Fraser students, be replaced by alternative accommodation and/or bussing.[225] Although parents initially favoured retaining the dormitory, opinion quickly shifted to the bussing option.[226] Rehabilitation costs for the deteriorated 35-year-old former army barracks were prohibitive,[227] especially in light of the occupancy rate.[228] At 50 miles (80 km) each way,[229] the bus for Blackburn Junior Secondary operated from 1975.[230] David Bond was the Upper Fraser elementary school principal for two years from the 1975/76 school year.[231] Art Webb followed for 1977/78.[232] The 1978 capital budget was $1,600 for sites, $40,000 for buildings, and $7,500 for equipment.[233]

When the Royal Produce chain encountered financial difficulties, closing most of the stores in 1980, this likely included the Upper Fraser one.

There being no gymnasium for school or community use, School District 57 proposed two more classrooms, a library and a gymnasium be included in the 1980 capital budget,[234] which comprised $61,460 for sites, $718,500 for buildings, and $44,000 for equipment.[235] That year, a surplus teacherage was tendered for sale.[236] Lorne Brown succeeded Rob Howardson[196] as principal for the 1981/82 school year.[237] The classroom/library construction commenced in 1982,[238] with a time capsule buried in the foundations.[239] The RDFFG covering half the almost $500,000 gymnasium cost,[240] the expanded facilities were ready the next year.[241] The two surplus portables were sold.[242]

Thelma & Paul Misiura, son of John & Margaret Misiura of Hansard,[243] ran a general store by the early 1980s.[244] The original general store, which Dave Lee managed as late as October 1980,[245] appears to have ceased operating, because the premises were available for rental two and a half years later.[246]

Having only seven pupils, Sinclair Mills elementary closed permanently and the students assimilated into the 138-member Upper Fraser elementary for the 1983/84 school year.[247] The latter's enrolments had not fallen below 70 during the prior decade.[196]

With highway paving complete, Northwood bussed employees to and from the sawmill, and the Upper Fraser population of around 500 began declining.[248] Barbara Osten became principal for the 1984/85 school year.[249] By this time, bussing for higher grades was to Duchess Park Secondary School.[250]

During the 1985/86 year, 28 students bussed from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills to Upper Fraser, but the service ceased the next year owing to insufficient numbers.[251] RDFFG and parental lobbying for the 12 students affected proved unfruitful.[252] Operating at 46 percent student capacity,[253] Upper Fraser's four smaller-sized classes rendered significantly increased costs per student.[254] With 48 enrolments and about 300 residents, further declines were anticipated, and the ongoing costs for the gymnasium became an increasing burden.[248] Parents were concerned about the impact a closure would have on the community.[255]

Brian Pepper (later district superintendent) succeeded Barbara Osten as principal for the 1989/90 school year.[256] Beginning that winter, the school bus services from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills were reinstated temporarily.[257] Norma and Hans Hiltergerke, then Katherine Cuthbert, operated a summertime mobile concession stand during the early 1990s.[258] The population was 248 at the time.[259] Kerry Bergeron was the principal for two years from the 1991/92 school year.[260] Dan Dones was principal by 1995,[261] and Mike Moore by 1997,[262] serving as principal/teacher.[196][263]

In 1996, Larry & Susan Faulkner purchased the busy store/café[56] from the Misiuras.[264] A Girl Guide company operated around this time.[265] Following escalating rumours,[266] the school closed, with bussing to Giscome Elementary from the 1998/99 year for Grades 6 and 7. The remaining grades joined them in January,[267] after the demolition of an aging teacherage and laundry building.[268]

In 1999, having given 12 months' notice to tenants of the 24 occupied houses, Northwood closed the 30-house town site, leaving a community of 15–20 privately-owned homes, including a store. The three times daily free bus service from Prince George continued to serve mill employees.[269] The school board budgeted $45,645 for the removal and disposal of the school buildings and gym.[270]

Although only three students travelled from Sinclair Mills by 2010, parents successfully appealed a proposal to eliminate this section from the Giscome school bus service,[271] and the route remained.[272]

In 2015, Canada Post mandated reduced hours at rural post-offices, such as Upper Fraser.[273] The modest general store/post-office property continues to operate with the Faulkner's granddaughter in charge.[274]

Crime, calamity & safety measures

In 1915, a homesteader at Mile 195 (now Mile 105) was presumed drowned after going missing.[275]

During 1947, Ewald Edward Koch, an assistant in the post-office, stole C.O.D. remittances and cheques from registered mail.[276] Found guilty of theft, he received one year hard labour.[277]

In 1949, Gordon Lilgedahl, who stole personal possessions from the mill bunkhouse, was apprehended on the train at McBride.[278] The same year, resident Harold Kidd, alias Thomas Kidd, received three months hard labour for cashing worthless cheques.[279] A repeat performance a decade later,[280] defamed an individual sharing the same name.[281]

When David J. Gagnon (1942–53)[282] went missing while chasing a cat, dragging the river and searching the adjacent woods failed to disclose any clues as to his whereabouts. About two weeks later, an employee found the body well downstream in the log boom at Shelley Sawmills.[283]

At nearby Toplis Lake in 1970, five children fell through thin ice and drowned. The victims were Kevin B. (1962–70)[284] and Malcolm (1963–70)[285] Morgan, and Robert D. (1961–70),[286] Wendy C. (1962–70),[287] and Wanda M. (1962–70)[288] Kennedy.[289][290]

Charles Hamilton Rombough (1913–76) beat and kicked Hazel Cousins (1914–61),[291] his common-law wife, and put her outside the house when she was inadequately dressed for the extreme cold. Found guilty of manslaughter,[292] he received an eight-year sentence.[293]

In 1964, Charles Thomas was fined $200 for a brutal unprovoked attack on a man at a community dance.[294] The following year, Francis A. Lightening (c.1947–2005)[295] and two juvenile accomplices entered the mill bunkhouse at 2:00 a.m. and beat up two Hungarian immigrants.[296] Francis' two brothers,[297] E. James (1946–67),[298][299] and Robert (1951–74),[300] died young.[114]

During the 1970s, Richard Solloway, 28, who robbed and beat a man near Upper Fraser, was arrested when he reported to his parole officer. Found guilty with accomplice Leslie (Mickey) Tresierra (1949–97),[301][302] Solloway received a two-year sentence and Tresierra two years less a day.[303] Although sexual assault charges were unproven against Stanley George Biggs, an Upper Fraser welder,[304] intimidation[305] and subsequent violent crime suggested a pattern.[306]

In 1985, Robin Ernest Schwartz (1955–90)[307][308] received a one-year sentence for using false identification to cash three income assistance cheques and being in possession of a further 395 cheques stolen from a Ministry of Human Resources office in June 1984.[309] That year, a westbound bus carrying millworkers home collided with an eastbound car. The car driver died at the scene and some bus passengers suffered bruises.[310] The next year, an attempted murder charge against Darrell Wayne Flewin was subsequently reduced to assault, but the judge dismissed all charges, because police refused to come and intervene after his victim had physically attacked him.[311]

In 1986, an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale (centred 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Upper Fraser) shook most of the stock from the grocery store shelves and caused a minor electrical fire at the school.[312]

During the 1990s, payroll cheques were stolen from the planer mill.[313] Previous vandalism[314] prompted a police response when the school alarm was set off. The culprit, a bear, which had broken a window, escaped with a warning.[315]

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices

During 1964, BC Hydro cleared a right-of-way and constructed high-voltage pylons from Willow River, 32 miles (51 km) north to Summit Lake, and 20 miles (32 km) east to Upper Fraser. The voltage increased to 138,000 on the existing Prince George-Willow River lines, reduced to 60,000 at the Willow River substation, and further reduced to 25,000 at the Upper Fraser substation, before distribution east to Sinclair Mills and west to Newlands. The network primarily served sawmills and other industries, which had formerly generated their own power.[316] In 1970, the whole line was converted to 138,000 volts.[317]

In 1974, an automatic telephone exchange replaced hand cranking and party lines.[318] After a 1981 referendum, telephone subscribers from Salmon Valley to Hansard opted for a fixed monthly charge for toll-free calling to Prince George.[319]

The CRTC approved cable television for the community in 1992,[320] issuing a renewal in 1995.[321]

During the 2010s, fibre optics and satellite introduced high-speed internet connections to the area.[322]

Road transport

The respective Hansard section covers roadbuilding, the relief camp, road transport, and bus services.


Footnotes
  1. Olson, Raymond W. (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self-published, p. 59
  2. "Upper Fraser flag stop". www.viarail.ca.
  3. "1977 Timetable" (PDF). www.cwrailway.ca. p. 79.
  4. "Route guide" (PDF). www.viarail.ca.
  5. "Cemetery Project (Edward Andrew SEEBACH)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  6. "Death Certificate (Albert James HUBLE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  7. Fort George Herald, 9 Jan 1915
  8. Fort George Herald: 13 Jun 1914 to 26 Sep 1914
  9. Prince George Citizen: 8 Oct 1919 & 7 Jul 1922
  10. "Image: Giscome Rapids". www.nbca.unbc.ca.
  11. "Map: Giscome Rapids". www.mapcarta.com.
  12. Prince George Leader, 24 Jun 1921
  13. Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1921
  14. Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1920
  15. Fort George Herald: 9 Nov 1912 & 17 May 1913
  16. Prince George Citizen: 23 Jun 1932, 7 Jul 1932 & 5 Mar 1936
  17. Prince George Citizen, 31 Jan 1946
  18. Prince George Citizen, 21 Feb 1946
  19. Prince George Citizen, 1 Aug 1946
  20. Prince George Citizen, 17 Aug 1985
  21. Prince George Citizen, 23 Dec 1948
  22. "Death Certificate (George WHITFORD)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  23. Prince George Citizen, 25 Jun 1965
  24. "Railway Accident (George WHITFORD)". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca.
  25. Prince George Citizen, 29 Mar 1966
  26. "Railway Accident (H. DYCK)". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca.
  27. Prince George Citizen, 2 Aug 1978
  28. Prince George Citizen, 3 Oct 1978
  29. 1943 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 9
  30. 1945 Timetable. p. 61.
  31. "1946 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  32. 1949 Timetable. p. 59.
  33. "1950 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 59.
  34. "1956 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 53.
  35. "1957 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 53.
  36. 1960 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 21–22
  37. "1961 Timetable (main)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 39.
  38. "1961 Timetable (way freight)" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 48.
  39. "1963 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 42.
  40. 1964 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 44
  41. 1965 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  42. "1966 Timetable". www.traingeek.ca. p. 38.
  43. 1967 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 38
  44. 1968 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  45. "1971 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 19.
  46. 1972 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 25–26
  47. 1973 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. p. 18
  48. "1986 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 50, but scan p. 52.
  49. "1988 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 55, but scan p. 52.
  50. 1990 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 95–97
  51. 1992 Timetable. Northern BC Archives. pp. 103–105
  52. "1996 Timetable" (PDF). www.streamlinermemories.info. p. 40.
  53. "2011 Timetable". www.scribd.com. p. 44, but scan p. 24.
  54. Recent timetables
  55. Hak 1986, p. 14.
  56. Prince George Citizen, 29 Jan 1997
  57. "Death Certificate (Donald Sellers McPHEE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  58. Prince George Citizen, 6 Mar 1964
  59. "Death Certificate (Albert Roy SPURR)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  60. Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1954
  61. "Death Certificate (George STAUBLE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  62. Prince George Citizen: 5 Mar 1936 & 14 Dec 1971
  63. Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1937
  64. Prince George Citizen: 27 Apr 1939, 4 May 1939 & 19 Oct 1939
  65. Hak 1986, p. 99.
  66. "Death Certificate (Cecil Thomas CLARE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  67. Prince George Citizen: 9 May 1940 & 8 Aug 1958
  68. Prince George Citizen: 3 Oct 1940 & 19 Apr 1951
  69. Prince George Citizen: 13 & 20 Aug 1942
  70. Prince George Citizen, 10 Dec 1942
  71. Prince George Citizen, 18 Mar 1943
  72. Prince George Citizen, 20 Jan 1944
  73. "Cemetery Project (George SWAN)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  74. Prince George Citizen: 3 & 10 Feb 1944
  75. "Cemetery Project (Albert ANDERSON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  76. Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1944
  77. Prince George Citizen, 22 Mar 1945
  78. "Death Certificate (James Ernest CLISH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  79. Prince George Citizen, 10 Jul 1947
  80. Prince George Citizen, 8 Sep 1949
  81. "Death Certificate (Jean OUELLETTE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  82. "Death Certificate (Emanuel ZIELKE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  83. Prince George Citizen: 23 Feb 1950; & 23, 27 & 30 Nov 1950
  84. Prince George Citizen: 9 & 23 Aug 1951
  85. Prince George Citizen, 9 Aug 1954
  86. Prince George Citizen, 3 Feb 1955
  87. Prince George Citizen, 9 Sep 1954
  88. "Death Certificate (Vid TOMICH)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  89. Prince George Citizen: 28 Feb 1958; & 3 & 11 Mar 1958
  90. Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1960
  91. Prince George Citizen: 26 Apr 1945, 23 May 1963 & 27 Jun 1985
  92. Prince George Citizen, 18 Jul 1960
  93. Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1960
  94. Prince George Citizen: 30 Mar 1961 & 24 Apr 1961
  95. "Northwood to Canfor history". www.memory.bc.ca.
  96. Prince George Citizen, 23 May 1962
  97. "Death Certificate (William Henry CHANCE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  98. Prince George Citizen, 1 May 1962
  99. Prince George Citizen, 7 Feb 1964
  100. Prince George Citizen: 22 Jul 1966 & 21 Sep 1966
  101. Prince George Citizen, 25 Sep 1967
  102. Prince George Citizen, 5 Oct 1967
  103. Prince George Citizen, 22 Nov 1967
  104. Prince George Citizen, 13 May 1968
  105. Prince George Citizen: 19 Jan 1968 & 9 May 1969
  106. Prince George Citizen, 6 Oct 1970
  107. Prince George Citizen, 30 Oct 1970
  108. Prince George Citizen, 20 Nov 1970
  109. Prince George Citizen: 19 & 28 Jul 1972
  110. Prince George Citizen: 11 & 12 Sep 1972
  111. Prince George Citizen, 13 Sep 1972
  112. Prince George Citizen: 18 & 21 Sep 1972
  113. Prince George Citizen: 31 Aug 1973 & 4 Sep 1973
  114. Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1974
  115. Prince George Citizen, 19 Feb 1975
  116. Prince George Citizen, 2 Jan 1975
  117. Prince George Citizen, 24 Jul 1975
  118. Prince George Citizen: 10 & 18 Sep 1975
  119. Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1977
  120. Prince George Citizen, 31 Jul 1978
  121. Prince George Citizen, 10 Aug 1973
  122. Prince George Citizen, 5 Dec 1990
  123. Prince George Citizen, 3 May 1978
  124. "Death Certificate (Paul Alexander CALDER)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  125. Prince George Citizen: 15 Jan 1979 & 12 Apr 1979
  126. Prince George Citizen, 28 Mar 1980
  127. Prince George Citizen, 18 Apr 1980
  128. Prince George Citizen: 8, 9, 10, 13 & 14 Jul 1981
  129. Prince George Citizen, 5 Aug 1981
  130. Prince George Citizen, 29 Aug 1981
  131. Prince George Citizen, 30 Sep 1981
  132. Prince George Citizen: 17 Feb 1982, 18 Jun 1982 & 30 Aug 1982
  133. Prince George Citizen, 26 Mar 1982
  134. Prince George Citizen, 17 May 1982
  135. Prince George Citizen, 3 Aug 1983
  136. Prince George Citizen, 30 Jul 1986
  137. Prince George Citizen: 6 Aug 1986, 28 Oct 1986, 28 Nov 1986 & 8 Dec 1986
  138. Prince George Citizen: 19 Jun 1985, 22 Apr 1987, 20 Aug 1999 & 23 Sep 1999
  139. "Cemetery Project (Shirley Anne Elaine PETERSON)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  140. "Death Certificate (Shirley Anne Elaine PETERSON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  141. Prince George Citizen, 1 Jun 1988
  142. Prince George Citizen, 5 Oct 1988
  143. Prince George Citizen, 17 Jan 1989
  144. Prince George Citizen: 11 & 12 Apr 1990; & 24 Nov 1993
  145. Prince George Citizen: 7 May 1990, 16 Aug 1990, 17 Nov 1990 & 5 Dec 1990
  146. Prince George Citizen: 14 Mar 1991 & 2 Apr 1991
  147. Prince George Citizen, 19 Nov 1994
  148. Prince George Citizen, 23 Mar 1995
  149. Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1995
  150. Prince George Citizen: 30 Jan 1997; & 11, 25 & 28 Feb 1997; & 7 Mar 1997
  151. Prince George Citizen, 15 Apr 1997
  152. Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1997
  153. Prince George Citizen, 31 May 1997
  154. Prince George Citizen: 10 Oct 1997 & 4 May 1998
  155. Prince George Citizen: 28 May 1998 & 5 Oct 1998
  156. Prince George Citizen: 22 & 30 Sep 1999; & 6 Oct 2012
  157. Prince George Citizen, 5 Jul 2000
  158. Prince George Citizen: 28 Jul 2000 & 20 Sep 2000
  159. Prince George Citizen, 21 Apr 2001
  160. Prince George Citizen, 1 Sep 2016
  161. "Canfor shuts mills". www.theglobeandmail.com.
  162. Prince George Citizen: 8 Apr 1943; 20 May 1943; 15 Jul 1943; 28 Oct 1943; 15 Jun 1944; 7 Dec 1944; 12 Apr 1945; 29 Nov 1945; 6 & 20 Dec 1945; 10 & 31 Jan 1946; & 21 Feb 1946
  163. Prince George Citizen: 4 Oct 1945; 1 Nov 1945; 7 Feb 1946; 21 & 28 Mar 1946; 6 Jun 1946 & 3 Nov 1949
  164. Prince George Citizen, 8 Nov 1945
  165. Prince George Citizen, 6 Aug 1942
  166. "Postmasters". www.bac-lac.gc.ca.
  167. Prince George Citizen: 25 May 1944 & 20 Dec 1945
  168. "Death Certificate (William PADLESKY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  169. Prince George Citizen, 21 Oct 1948
  170. "Cemetery Project (Jeanne PADLESKY)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  171. Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1977
  172. Prince George Citizen: 15 Aug 1946 & 17 Aug 1985
  173. Prince George Citizen, 4 Sep 1947
  174. Prince George Citizen, 6 May 1948
  175. Prince George Citizen, 26 Oct 1948
  176. Prince George Citizen: 1 Sep 1949, 10 Nov 1949 & 25 Jan 1951
  177. "Death Certificate (Lorraine Victoria GALE)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  178. "Death Certificate (Harold Wilfred TOPLIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  179. Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1984
  180. Prince George Citizen: 11 Jan 1951 & 19 Jul 1951
  181. "Death Certificate (Eleanor Ball TOPLIS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  182. Prince George Citizen, 24 Mar 1993
  183. Prince George Citizen, 9 Apr 1951
  184. Prince George Citizen, 19 Jul 1951
  185. Prince George Citizen, 28 May 1951
  186. Prince George Citizen, 29 May 2014
  187. "Cemetery Project (Gladys S. DUBE)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  188. "Death Certificate (Joyce May PADLESKY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  189. Prince George Citizen, 15 Oct 1951
  190. Prince George Citizen, 28 Feb 1952
  191. Prince George Citizen: 1 Aug 1955 & 17 Aug 1985
  192. Prince George Citizen: 26 Mar 1968 & 1 Apr 1968
  193. Walski, Eileen E. (1985). Homemade Memories: A History of Willow River, BC. Willow River Heritage Preservers and WRRA, p. 63
  194. Prince George Citizen, 8 Oct 1953
  195. Prince George Citizen, 29 Apr 1954
  196. Hall, Barbara; Nellis, Kris; & Noukas, Tiiu (2014). School District No. 57 (Prince George) historical memories. (Volume III): people, places, programs & services. Prince George Retired Teachers' Association, Education Heritage Committee
  197. Prince George Citizen, 2 Sep 1960
  198. Prince George Citizen: 22 Aug 1957 & 2 Sep 1960
  199. "Death Certificate (Francis Harry HERN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  200. "Cemetery Project (Dorothy HERN)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  201. Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1992
  202. Prince George Citizen, 29 May 1975
  203. "Cemetery Project (Brian Otis HERN)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  204. Prince George Citizen: 7, 8 & 18 Mar 1960
  205. Prince George Citizen: 15 Jan 1960; 19 Feb 1960; 4 & 18 Mar 1960; 1 Apr 1960; 13 & 20 May 1960; 3 & 17 Jun 1960; 18 Nov 1960; 13 Jan 1961; 17 Feb 1961; 3 & 30 Mar 1961; 19 & 26 May 1961; 2 Jun 1961; 15 & 29 Sep 1961; 13 Oct 1961; 3 Nov 1961; 8 & 15 Dec 1961; 5 & 19 Jan 1962; 16 Feb 1962; 16 Mar 1962; 13 Apr 1962; 4 May 1962; & 8 & 15 Jun 1962
  206. Prince George Citizen, 7 Aug 1962
  207. Prince George Citizen: 17, 24 & 31 Dec 1965; 7, 14, 21 & 28 Jan 1966; 4, 11 , 18 & 25 Feb 1966; 4, 11, 18 & 25 Mar 1966; 1, 7, 15 & 22 Apr 1966; & 6, 13, 20 & 27 May 1966
  208. Prince George Citizen: 13 May 1964, 7 Oct 1964 & 26 Nov 1964
  209. Prince George Citizen: 26 May 1964, 14 & 28 Jul 1964, 11 Aug 1964 & 4 Sep 1964
  210. Prince George Citizen, 28 Jul 1965
  211. Prince George Citizen, 16 Aug 1966
  212. Prince George Citizen, 9 Jun 1972
  213. Prince George Citizen, 20 Oct 1972
  214. Prince George Citizen, 25 Jul 1972
  215. Prince George Citizen: 30 Aug 1972 & 19 Sep 1973
  216. Prince George Citizen, 3 Sep 1976
  217. Prince George Citizen: 9 May 1969 & 9 Oct 1970
  218. Prince George Citizen: 20 Nov 1970 to 25 Jun 1971
  219. Prince George Citizen: 5 Nov 1971 to 14 Jul 1972
  220. Prince George Citizen: 8 Sep 1972 to 20 Oct 1972
  221. Prince George Citizen: 27 Oct 1972 to 15 Dec 1972; & 4 May 1973 to 22 Jun 1973
  222. Prince George Citizen: 12 Jan 1973 to 13 Apr 1973
  223. Prince George Citizen: 22 Feb 1973 to 14 Mar 1973; & 6 Sep 1974 to 10 Oct 1975
  224. Prince George Citizen, 31 Dec1975
  225. Prince George Citizen, 24 Apr 1974
  226. Prince George Citizen: 5 & 11 Sep 1974
  227. Prince George Citizen, 19 May1976
  228. Prince George Citizen, 9 Feb 1977
  229. Prince George Citizen, 26 Sep 1979
  230. Prince George Citizen: 31 Aug 1977 & 30 Aug 1978
  231. Prince George Citizen: 4 Jun 1975 & 25 Apr 1977
  232. Prince George Citizen, 22 Jun 1978
  233. Prince George Citizen, 27 Jun 1978
  234. Prince George Citizen: 1 & 2 May 1979; 5 Dec 1979; & 28 Mar 1980
  235. Prince George Citizen, 20 May 1980
  236. Prince George Citizen, 22 Jul 1980
  237. Prince George Citizen, 20 Jul 1981
  238. Prince George Citizen: 8 Mar 1982 & 5 Apr 1982
  239. Prince George Citizen, 7 Jul 1982
  240. Prince George Citizen, 12 Aug 1981
  241. Prince George Citizen, 17 Mar 1983
  242. Prince George Citizen: 2, 4 & 16 Nov 1983
  243. Prince George Citizen: 29 Sep 1981 & 7 Dec 1983
  244. Prince George Citizen: 14 to 19 Apr 1983; & 15 Sep 1983
  245. Prince George Citizen, 10 Apr 1980
  246. Prince George Citizen: 22 Apr 1983, 6 May 1983, 3 Jun 1983, 21 Oct 1983, 4 & 18 Nov 1983, & 16 Dec 1983
  247. Prince George Citizen, 19 Apr 1983
  248. Prince George Citizen, 20 Feb 1987
  249. Prince George Citizen, 10 Jun 1985
  250. Prince George Citizen, 31 Aug 1985
  251. Prince George Citizen, 18 Jun 1986
  252. Prince George Citizen: 30 Aug 1986; 23 & 25 Sep 1986; 26 Jan 1989; 3, 7, 8 & 17 Feb 1989; 20 Oct 1989; & 18 Nov 1989
  253. Prince George Citizen, 25 Apr 1986
  254. Prince George Citizen: 17 Dec 1986, 28 Jan 1987, 7 Feb 1987 & 28 Apr 1987
  255. Prince George Citizen, 25 Mar 1987
  256. Prince George Citizen, 28 Jun 1989
  257. Prince George Citizen, 6 Dec 1989
  258. Prince George Citizen: 12 Jul 1991, 25 Jan 1993, 14 May 1993 & 15 Oct 1993
  259. Prince George Citizen, 9 Oct 1991
  260. Prince George Citizen, 16 Sep 1998
  261. Prince George Citizen, 2 Dec 1995
  262. Prince George Citizen, 7 Apr 1997
  263. Prince George Citizen, 26 Aug 1998
  264. Prince George Citizen: 25 & 29 Sep 1986; 19 to 26 Nov 1988; & 6 & 7 May 1996
  265. Prince George Citizen, 12 Mar 1998
  266. Prince George Citizen: 15, 16, & 24 Apr 1997
  267. Prince George Citizen, 25 Feb 1999
  268. Prince George Citizen, 15 Oct 1998
  269. Prince George Citizen: 15 Jul 1998 & 10 Apr 1999
  270. Prince George Citizen: 8 Dec 2000; & 1 & 4 May 2001
  271. Prince George Citizen: 1 Apr 2010 & 18 Jul 2011
  272. Prince George Citizen, 16 Jan 2015
  273. Prince George Citizen: 23 & 24 Jul 2015
  274. "PO listing". www.canadapost.ca.
  275. Prince George Post, 10 Apr 1915
  276. Prince George Citizen: 23 Oct 1947 & 20 May 1948
  277. Prince George Citizen, 27 May 1948
  278. Prince George Citizen, 20 Jan 1949
  279. Prince George Citizen, 3 Mar 1949
  280. Prince George Citizen: 14 & 29 Dec 1959; & 8 Jan 1960
  281. Prince George Citizen, 16 Dec 1959
  282. "Death Certificate (David GAGNON)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  283. Prince George Citizen: 24 Aug 1953 & 8 Sep 1953
  284. "Death Certificate (Kevin Blair MORGAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  285. "Death Certificate (Malcolm MORGAN)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  286. "Death Certificate (Robert Dwayne KENNEDY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  287. "Death Certificate (Wendy Clare KENNEDY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  288. "Death Certificate (Wanda May KENNEDY)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  289. "Cemetery Project (Children MORGAN/KENNEDY)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  290. Prince George Citizen: 13 & 14 Apr 1970
  291. "Death Certificate (Hazel Jean COUSINS)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  292. Prince George Citizen: 1, 13, 14 & 20 Nov 1961; & 6, 7 & 8 Dec 1961
  293. Prince George Citizen: 11 & 14 Dec 1961
  294. Prince George Citizen, 12 Jun 1964
  295. "Obituary (Francis Alexander LIGHTENING)". www.burnslakelakesdistrictnews.com.
  296. Prince George Citizen, 2 Mar 1965
  297. Prince George Citizen, 30 Jun 1966
  298. "Death Certificate (Edward James LIGHTENING)". www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca.
  299. Prince George Citizen, 7 Nov 1967
  300. "Cemetery Project (Robert O. LIGHTENING)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  301. "Cemetery Project (Leslie C. TRESIERRA)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  302. Prince George Citizen, 13 Dec 1997
  303. Prince George Citizen: 1 Sep 1970, & 4 & 12 Mar 1971
  304. Prince George Citizen: 6 Sep 1977; 30 Aug 1978; & 6, 7 & 11 Sep 1978
  305. Prince George Citizen: 22 Feb 1978 & 31 Mar 1978
  306. Prince George Citizen: 31 Jan 1984 & 10 Feb 1984
  307. "Cemetery Project (Robin Ernest SCHWARTZ)". www.geneofun.on.ca.
  308. Prince George Citizen, 23 Jan 1990
  309. Prince George Citizen: 11 Sep 1985; & 27 & 28 Nov 1985
  310. Prince George Citizen, 7 Nov 1985
  311. Prince George Citizen: 21 & 22 Jul 1986; & 25 Nov 1986
  312. Prince George Citizen: 22, 24 & 25 Mar 1986
  313. Prince George Citizen, 16 Feb 1991
  314. Prince George Citizen, 24 Jun 1981
  315. Prince George Citizen, 22 Aug 1996
  316. Prince George Citizen: 19 May 1964, 30 Oct 1964 & 15 Dec 1964
  317. Prince George Citizen, 16 Oct 1970
  318. Prince George Citizen: 30 May 1973 & 30 Aug 1974
  319. Prince George Citizen: 21 Apr 1981 & 14 Oct 1982
  320. Prince George Citizen: 12 Sep 1991 & 5 Mar 1992
  321. Prince George Citizen, 12 Jan 1995
  322. Prince George Citizen: 3 Mar 2012; 13 & 23 Apr 2012; & 25 Apr 2014


References
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