Umayyah ibn Khalaf

Umayyah ibn Khalaf ibn Safwan[1] whose kunya was Abu Safwan, was a Meccan Arab, a leading member of the Quraish and head of Bani Jumah. He was one of the chief opponents against the Muslims led by Muhammad and is best known as the master of Bilal ibn Rabah, a slave he tortured for converting to Islam.

Other transliterations of his name include Umayya, Umaya, Umaiiya and Umaiya.

Biography

Family

He was the son of Khalaf ibn Safwan ibn Habib ibn Wahb ibn Hudhafah ibn Jumah and brother of Ubaydullah ibn Khalaf. He married three times. By his wife, Safiya bint Ma'mar ibn Habib, he had some sons; Safwan, Ahyah, and Salamah. By his wife, Karima bint Ma'mar ibn Habib, he had some sons; Walid and Ali (who were both slain at Badr), Rabi'ah, Muslim, Ma'bad and Mas'ud. By his wife Layla bint Habib al-Tamimiyya from B.Tamim, he had a daughter, named al-Taw'ama bint Umayya.

Opposition to Islam

Umayyah was involved in the pagan religious ceremonies of Mecca, where he distributed perfume in the square of the Kaaba.

After Muhammad began to preach against idolatry, Umayyah became a staunch opponent of the new teaching. He used to slander Muhammad, and it is about him that Allah revealed Surah Humaza: "Woe to the slanderer and backbiter". He subjected his slave Bilal ibn Ribah to torture for having adopted Islam. He forced Bilal to lie on hot desert sand and pinned him down with a heavy stone on his chest. When Bilal still refused to denounce Islam, a heavy person was to jump on the stone. Bilal kept repeating, "Ahad! Ahad!" (One God! One God!)[2]

Friendship with Abd al-Rahman

Ummayah had a close friend named Abdul Rahman ibn Awf, but their friendship was strained when Abdu Amr converted to Islam.[3] Abdu Amr changed his name to Abd al-Rahman and later emigrated to Medina.

Because of their friendship, the two formed a written agreement, according to which Abdul Rahman was to protect Umayah's property and/or family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect Abd-al-Rahman's in Mecca. When Abd al-Rahman's name was mentioned in the document, Umayyah protested, saying "I do not know Ar-Rahman" and requested that the pre-Islamic name "Abdu Amr" should be used, to which Abd al-Rahman yielded.[4]

Pilgrimage of Sa'd

Umayyah was also an good friend of Sa'd ibn Mua'dh,[5] the leader of the Banu Aus . When Umayyah was in Medina on his way to Syria,[6] he used to stay with Sa'd and when Sa'd was in Mecca, he used to stay with Umayah.[5]

Prior to the Battle of Badr, Sa'd visited Mecca once to perform his Umrah with Umayyah, when they came across Abu Jahl. They had an argument, and as it became heated, Sa'd threatened Abu Jahl with stopping the Meccan trade route to Syria and informed Umayyah that his life was threatened by Muhammad.[5]

Battle of Badr
Further information: Battle of Badr

In March 624 the Meccans decided to confront the Muslim forces that threatened a caravan from Syria led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. Abu Jahl rallied the people for war, saying, "Go and protect your caravan."

Umayyah, who was anxious about Sa'd's warning, did not want to leave Mecca; but Abu Jahl said to him: "O Abu Safwan! If the people see you staying behind, though you are the chief of the people of the Valley, then they will remain behind with you."[5] Abu Jahl urged until Umayyah said, "As you have forced me to change my mind, I will buy the best camel in Mecca." Umayyah told his wife: "O Umm Safwan, prepare what I need [for the journey]." She said to him, "O Abu Safwan! Have you forgotten what your Yathribi brother told you?" He said, "No, but I do not want to go with them but for a short distance." When Umayyah went out, he tied his camel wherever he camped.[5]

Death

Battle was joined on 13 March 624. During the battle, Umayyah was captured by his old friend Abdul Rahman ibn Awf. He was killed by a group of Muslims led by his former slave Bilal (who was a victim of his earlier torture), in spite of Abdul Rahman's protests and his attempt to shield Umayyah with his own body. His son Ali was also killed at Badr while defending his father.[7][3][4] A hadith attributed to Abdur Rahman bin Awf reports:

On the day of Badr, when all the people went to sleep, I went up the hill to protect him. Bilal saw him (i.e. Umayyah) and went to a gathering of Ansar and said, "(Here is) Umayyah ibn Khalaf! Woe to me if he escapes!" So, a group of Ansar went out with Bilal to follow us (Abd-al-Rahman and Umayyah). Being afraid that they would catch us, I left Umayyah's son for them to keep them busy but the Ansar killed the son and insisted on following us. Umayyah was a fat man, and when they approached us, I told him to kneel down, and he knelt, and I laid myself on him to protect him, but the Ansar killed him by passing their swords underneath me, and one of them injured my foot with his sword. (The sub-narrator said, "Abdul Rahman used to show us the trace of the wound on the back of his foot.")

Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari[4].

See also

References
  1. Sahih Bukhari "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-11-28. Retrieved 2007-01-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. Slavery From Islamic and Christian Perspectives by Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi on Al-islam.org , referencing Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., vol. III:1, p. 166; Abu Na'im, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 148; Ibn Hajar, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 336.
  3. John Glubb, The Life and times Muhammad, Lanham 1998, p. 186f.
  4. Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:38:498
  5. Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:286
  6. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:826
  7. Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1976). The Life of Muhammad. American Trust Publications. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-892-59137-4.
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