Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission in China

Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission (UHV electricity transmission) has been used in China since 2009 to transmit both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) electricity over long distances separating China's energy resources and consumers. Expansion of both AC and DC capacity continues in order to match generation to consumption demands while minimizing transmission losses. Decarbonization improvements will result from the replacement of lower efficiency generation, located near the coast, by more modern high-efficiency generation with less pollution near the energy resources.

Background

Since 2004, electricity consumption in China has been growing at an unprecedented rate due to the rapid growth of industrial sectors. Serious supply shortage during 2005 had impacted the operation of many Chinese companies. Since then, China has very aggressively invested in electricity supply in order to fulfil the demand from industries and hence secure economic growth. Installed generation capacity has run from 443 GW at end of 2004 to 793 GW at the end of 2008.[1] The increment in these four years is equivalent to approximately one-third of the total capacity of the United States, or 1.4 times the total capacity of Japan.[2] During the same period of time, annual energy consumption has also risen from 2,197 TWh to 3,426 TWh.[1] China's electricity consumption is expected to reach 6,800–6,900 TWh by 2018 from 4,690 TWh in 2011, with installed capacity reaching 1,463 GW from 1,056 GW in 2011, of which 342 GW is hydropower, 928 GW coal-fired, 100 GW wind, 43GW nuclear, and 40GW natural gas.[3] China is the world's largest consuming nation of electricity in 2011.

Transmission and distribution

On the transmission and distribution side, the country has focused on expanding T&D capacity and reducing losses by:

  1. deploying long-distance ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) and ultra-high-voltage alternating current (UHVAC) transmission
  2. installing high-efficiency amorphous metal transformer [4][5]

UHV transmission worldwide

UHV transmission and a number of UHVAC circuits have already been constructed in different parts of the world. For example, 2,362 km of 1,150 kV circuits were built in the former USSR, and 427 km of 1,000 kV AC circuits have been developed in Japan (Kita-Iwaki powerline). Experimental lines of various scales are also found in many countries.[6] However, most of these lines are currently operating at lower voltage due to insufficient power demand or other reasons.[7][8] There are fewer examples of UHVDC. Although there are plenty of ±500 kV (or below) circuits around the world, the only operative circuits above this threshold are the Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system at 735 kV AC (since 1965, 11 422 km long in 2018) and Itaipu ±600 kV project in Brazil. In Russia, construction work on a 2400 km long bipolar ±750 kV DC line, the HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre started in 1978 but it was never finished. In USA at the beginning of the 1970s a 1333 kV powerline was planned from Celilo Converter Station to Hoover Dam. For this purpose a short experimental powerline near Celilo Converter Station was built, but the line to Hoover Dam was never built.

Reasons for UHV transmission in China

China's decision to go for UHV transmission is based on the fact that energy resources are far away from the load centers. The majority of the hydropower resources are in the west, and coal is in the northwest, but huge loadings are in the east and south.[9][6] To reduce transmission losses to a manageable level, UHV transmission is a logical choice. As the State Grid Corporation of China announced at the 2009 International Conference on UHV Power Transmission in Beijing, China will invest RMB 600 billion (approximately US$88 billion) into UHV development between now and 2020.[10]

Implementation of the UHV grid enables the construction of newer, cleaner, more efficient power generation plants far from population centers. Older power plants along the coast will be retired.[11] This will lower the total current amount of pollution, as well as the pollution felt by citizens within urban dwellings. The use of large central power plants providing electric heating are also less polluting than individual boilers used for winter heating in many northern households.[12] The UHV grid will aid China's plan of electrification and decarbonization,[13] and enable integration of renewable energy by removing the transmission bottleneck that is currently limiting expansions in wind and solar generation capacity whilst further developing the market for long-range electric vehicles in China.[13]

UHV circuits completed or under construction

As of 2020, the operational UHV circuits are:

Name (Chinese) Type Voltage (kV) Length (km) Power rating (GW) Year Completed
Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen (晋东南-南阳-荆门) AC 1000 654 5.0 January 2009
Yunnan - Guangdong（云南-广东） HVDC ±800 1438 5 June 2010
Xiangjiaba–Shanghai（向家坝-上海） HVDC ±800 1907 6.4 July 2010
Jinping – Southern Jiangsu（锦屏-苏南） HVDC ±800 2059 7.2 December 2012
Huainan–Zhejiang North–Shanghai（淮南-浙北-上海） AC 1000 2×649 8.0 September 2013
Nuozadu - Guangdong（糯扎渡-广东） HVDC ±800 1413 5 May 2015
Hami – Zhengzhou（哈密-郑州） HVDC ±800 2210 8 January 2014
Xiluodu - Zhejiang West（溪洛渡-浙西） HVDC ±800 1680 8 July 2014
Zhejiang North - Fuzhou（浙北-福州） AC 1000 2×603 6.8 December 2014
Huainan–Nanjing–Shanghai（淮南-南京-上海） AC 1000 2×780 November 2016
Xilingol League - Shandong（锡盟-山东） AC 1000 2×730 9 July 2016
Lingzhou - Shaoxing（灵州-绍兴） HVDC ±800 1720 8 September 2016
Inner Mongolia West - Tianjin（蒙西-天津南） AC 1000 2×608 5 December 2016[14]
Jiuquan–Hunan（酒泉-湖南） HVDC ±800 2383 8 June 2017
Shanxi North–Jiangsu（晋北-江苏） HVDC ±800 1119 8 July 2017
Xilingol League - Shengli（锡盟-胜利） AC 1000 2x236.8 August 2017
Yuheng–Weifang（榆横-潍坊） AC 1000 2×1050 August 2017
Xilingol League–Jiangsu（锡盟-江苏） HVDC ±800 1620 10 October 2017
Zhalute–Qingzhou（扎鲁特—青州） HVDC ±800 1234 10 December 2017
Shanghaimiao–Linyi（上海庙-临沂） HVDC ±800 1238 10 December 2017
Dianxi-Guangdong（滇西-广东） HVDC ±800 1959 5 December 2017
Zhundong–Wannan（准东-皖南） HVDC ±1100 3324 12 September 2019
Shijiazhuang–Xiong'an（石家庄-雄安） AC 1000 2×222.6 June 2019
Weifang-Linyi-Zaozhuang-Heze-Shijiazhuang（潍坊-临沂-枣庄-菏泽-石家庄） AC 1000 2×823.6 January 2020
Mengxi-Jinzhong（蒙西-晋中） AC 1000 2x304 October 2020
Qinghai-Henan（青海-河南） HVDC ±800 1587 8 December 2020
Wudongde-Guangxi-Guangdong（昆柳龙直流工程） HVDC ±800 1489 8 December 2020

The under-construction/In preparation UHV lines are:

Name (Chinese) Type Voltage (kV) Length (km) Power rating (GW) Year started
Zhangbei-Xiong'an（张北-雄安） AC 1000 2×319.9 April 2019
Zhumadian-Nanyang（驻马店-南阳） AC 1000 190 March 2019
Nanyang-Jingmen-Changsha（南阳-荆门-长沙） AC 1000 in prep
Shanbei-Hubei（陕北-湖北） HVDC ±800 1137 February 2020
Yazhong-Jiangxi（雅中-江西） HVDC ±800 1711 8 September 2019
Baihetan-Jiangsu（白鹤滩-江苏） HVDC ±800 2172 in prep
Baihetan-Zhejiang（白鹤滩-浙江） HVDC ±800 2193 December 2020
Baihetan-Zhejiang（白鹤滩-浙江） HVDC ±800 2193 in prep

Controversy over UHV

There has been controversy over UHV since 2004 when the State Grid Corporation of China proposed the idea of UHV construction. The controversy has been focused on UHVAC while the idea of building UHVDC has been widely accepted.[15] The most debated issues are the four listed below.

  1. Security and reliability issues: With the construction of more and more UHV transmission lines, the power grid around the whole nation is connected more and more intensively. If an accident happens in one line, it is difficult to limit the influence to a small area. This means that the chances of a blackout are getting higher. Also, it may be more vulnerable to terrorism.
  2. Market issue: All other UHV transmission lines around the world are currently operating at a lower voltage because there is not enough demand. The potential of long-distance transmission needs more in-depth research. Although the majority of coal resources are in the northwest, it is difficult to build coal power plants there because they need a large amount of water and that is a scarce resource in northwest China. And also with the economic development in west China, the demand for electricity has been booming these years.
  3. Environmental and efficiency issues: Some experts argue that UHV lines won't save more land compared to building extra railroads for increased coal transport and local power generation.[16] Due to the water scarcity issue, the construction of coal-fired power plants in the west is hindered. Another issue is transmission efficiency. Using combined heat and power at the user end is more energy efficient than using power from long distance transmission lines.
  4. Economic issue: The total investment is estimated to be 270 billion RMB (around US$40 billion), which is much more expensive than building a new railroad for coal transportation.

On the other hand, UHV offers the opportunity to transfer renewable energy from remote areas with much potential for large installations of wind power and photovoltaics. SGCC mentions a potential capacity for wind power of 200 GW in the Xinjiang region.[17] Considering the necessity to phase out coal, oil and gas under the Paris Agreement, as of 2018 the transport of coal or oil is no longer a viable argument.

There is also controversy over whether the construction proposed by State Grid Corporation of China is a strategy to be more monopolistic and fight against the power grid reform.[15]

See also

References
  1. Data available from China National Statistics Bureau, http://www.stats.gov.cn
  2. Data available from Electricity Information Administration, DOE, US, http://www.eia.doe.gov
  3. http://www.chinamining.org/News/2012-03-14/1331688172d55207.html
  4. Li, Jerry (2009), From Strong to Smart: the Chinese Smart Grid and its relation with the Globe, AEPN, Article No. 0018602. Available at Researchgate or the author's personal page
  5. Li, Jerry (2008), Deployment of Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformer in China, China Electric Power Yearbook 2008, p. 793–795, China Electric Power Press (In Chinese)
  6. Du Z (2008), Study on Strategic Planning of Ultra High Voltage Grid Development in China, Ph.D Thesis, Shandong University (In Chinese)
  7. Zhao J, Niu L (2007a), Research and Application of UHVAC Transmission Technologies in Japan Part I, Proceedings of CSU-EPSA, Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 28–33 (In Chinese)
  8. Zhao J, Niu L (2007b), Research and Application of UHVAC Transmission Technologies in Japan Part II, Proceedings of CSU-EPSA, Vol. 19, No. 4, P. 1–6 (In Chinese)
  9. Li, Jerry (2009), From Strong to Smart: the Chinese Smart Grid and its relation with the Globe, AEPN, Article No. 0018602, Asia Energy Platform. Available at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. UHV Corner, State Grid of China Corporation, http://www.sgcc.com.cn/ztzl/tgyzl/default.shtml (In Chinese)
  11. Chen, Stephen (2014), China to build new hi-tech power network to help fight pollution, SCMP. Available: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1512282/china-build-new-hi-tech-power-grid-help-fight-pollution
  12. Hudson, Dale (2014), Super-grid: China masters long-distance power transmission, Reuters. Available: https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/19/us-china-electricity-grid-kemp-idUSKBN0EU19B20140619
  13. Reference 11
  14. http://news.ifeng.com/a/20161128/50329333_0.shtml
  15. Han,X.P.(2009) Clone of Tyrannosaur—debate of ultrahigh-voltage (in Chinese)
  16. Chen, W.X.(2009) Coal transportation or ultrahigh-voltage? (in Chinese)
  17. "Changji-Guquan ±1,100 kV UHV DC Transmission Project Starts Power Transmission". SGCC. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
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