Tuz Khurmatu

Tuz Khurmatu (Arabic: طوزخورماتو‎, Turkish: Tuzhurmatu,[1][2] Kurdish: دووزخورماتوو ,Duz Xurmatû‎[3][4] also spelled as Tuz Khurma and Tuz Khormato) is the central city of Tooz District in Saladin Governorate, Iraq, located 55 miles south of Kirkuk. Its inhabitants are predominantly Shia Turkmen,[5][6] with a minority of Arabs and Kurds.[7]

Not to be confused with Taza Khurmatu.
Tuz Khurmatu
City
Tuz Khurmatu
Tuz Khormato's location in Iraq
Coordinates: 34°53′N 44°38′E
Country Iraq
ProvinceSaladin
DistrictTooz
Elevation
715 ft (218 m)
Population
 (2012)
 • Total119,000
Time zoneUTC+3

Etymology

The name of the city is in the Turkmen dialect, meaning salt and dates.[8]

History
A U.S. Army Soldier and a Turkish Air Force member transport an Iraqi child to safety during a multinational humanitarian airlift effort on Kirkuk Air Base, Iraq, July 8, 2007. The victim was hurt in an attack in Tuz Khurmatu.

Naphtha, oil and asphalt was found in the town in the 18th century.[9]

The city was populated by both Kurds and Turkmens in the 19th century. Claudius Rich visited the town in 1820 and stated that the town had a population of 50,000. In 1882 Major General Gerard visited the town and stated that the town had a bazaar, 300 houses, 100 regulars and 30 zaptiyehs.[10] The town was captured by United Kingdom in May 1918 and were met with joy from the locals. The local Hamawand tribe would offer their assistance to secure the area.[11]

In 1925, the town’s population was entirely Turkmen, except for some Jewish families (35 out of 405 families).[12]

40% of the population was Kurdish in the 1947 census.[13]

In 1976, Tooz District was separated from Kirkuk Governorate and attached to Saladin Governorate for Arabization purposes. The population of the town was 75,737 the subsequent year, and decreased to 51,998 in 1987.[14] The town participated in the 1991 Iraqi uprising before being suppressed by the Ba'athist Iraqi army.[15]

Operation Iraqi Freedom
  • On June 2, 2005, at least 12 people were killed and at least 40 wounded in an explosion targeting a restaurant.[16]
  • On June 23, 2005, a car bomb detonated by remote control hit an Iraqi police patrol, killing one policeman and wounding 7 civilians.[17]
  • On September 20, 2005, insurgents detonated a car bomb targeting Shiite worshippers as they were exiting the Hussainiyat al-Rasoul al-Azam mosque, killing at least 10 and wounding 21 others.[18]
  • On March 14, 2007, a suicide bomber struck a market and killing 8 and wounding 25.[19]

Operation New Dawn
  • On September 7, 2010, the first US casualties after President Barack Obama declared an end to US combat operations took place near the city when an Iraqi soldier killed 2 US military personnel.[20]

Post-U.S. withdrawal and Iraqi Civil War
  • On October 27, 2012, a car bombing next to a building owned by a Shi'ite endowment killed two civilians and injured ten others.[21]
  • On December 17, 2012, two consecutive car bombings hit a residential area near the city's General Hospital, killing 11 civilians and injuring 45 others. The attacks were part of a country-wide wave of violence that killed almost 100 people in a single day.[22]
  • On January 16, 2013, a suicide car bombing at the offices of the Kurdistan Democratic Party killed 5 and injured 40 others.[23][24]
  • On January 23, 2013, a suicide bomber blew himself up during a funeral for a politician's relative in the city, killing 42 and leaving 75 others wounded.[25][26]
  • In November 2015, the town experienced clashes between the Kurdish Peshmerga and Shia Popular Mobilization Forces that claimed 11 lives, wounded over 20 people, and damaged over 200 houses through arson committed by both sides.[27] A truce was reached soon after.[28][29]
  • On November 28, 2015, a suicide bomber bombed a town checkpoint, killing 6.[30]

See also

References
  1. "Tuzhurmatu'da Türkmen - Kürt dayanışması nasıl bozuldu?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  2. "Tuzhurmatu'ya 15 yıl aradan sonra Türkmen kaymakam atandı". www.aa.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  3. "Gelê Duz Xurmatû: Em ê destûrê nedin dagirkeriyê". ANF News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  4. "لیژنەی ناوچە كوردستانییه‌کانی دەرەوەی ئیدارەی ھەرێم له‌گه‌ڵ نوێنەرانی خه‌ڵكی زیانلێکەتووی دووزخورماتوو كۆبووه‌وه‌". Parliament of Kurdistan (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  5. Tuz Khurmatu: Atrocities against Iraqi Turkmen on the Rise
  6. "Iraqi Turkmen". Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  7. Arab-Kurd conflict heats up after Tuz Khormato incidents
  8. "Iraq's Tuz Khurmatu: A town rich in history and conflict | Nermeen Mufti". AW. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  9. Rasoul, Rasoul Muhammed (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). University of Erfurt: 188. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Rasoul, Rasoul Muhammed (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). University of Erfurt: 8. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Rasoul, Rasoul Muhammed (2017). "History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925" (PDF). University of Erfurt: 137. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. "Question of the Frontier between Turkey and Iraq - Leage of Nations" (PDF). 20 August 1925.
  13. C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 438. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  14. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, pp. 26–27
  15. Goldstein, Eric (June 1992). Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath. U.S.: Human Rights Watch. p. 58. ISBN 1-56432-069-3.
  16. "20 dead in Iraq bombings". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  17. Car bombs kill nearly 40 people in Baghdad – International Herald Tribune
  18. Microsoft PowerPoint – Eye on Iraq Sep 20, 2005 – English
  19. https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070314/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq
  20. Iraqi soldier fires on US troops, kills 2
  21. Killing and wounding 12 civilians east of Tikrit (NINA News Agency)
  22. BREAKING NEWS. 25 people killed and wounded in bombings series in Tuz district. (NINA News Agency)
  23. Reuters (2013-01-15). "Bombers kill more than 35 across Iraq". Trust.org. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  24. Margaret Griffis (2013-01-16). "Iraq Slaughter: 55 Killed, 288 Wounded". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  25. Marwan Ibrahim (2013-01-23). "Iraq suicide bomb at Shiite mosque kills 42". Google News. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  26. Margaret Griffis (2013-01-23). "At least 51 Killed, 98 Wounded in Iraq Attacks". Antiwar.com. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  27. "Eleven dead as tensions flare in Tuz Khurmatu". Kurdistan24. 2015-11-15. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  28. "Absent government, fragile truce holds in Tuz Khurmatu". Iraq Oil Report. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  29. Joel Wing. "MUSINGS ON IRAQ". Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  30. "Suicide bomber kills 6 in flashpoint town". Yahoo! News. 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2016-01-11.

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