Tunnerminnerwait

Tunnerminnerwait (c.1812–1842) was an Australian Aboriginal resistance fighter and Parperloihener clansman from Tasmania. He was also known by several other names including Peevay, Jack of Cape Grim, Tunninerpareway and renamed Jack Napoleon Tarraparrura by George Robinson.[1]

Tunnerminnerwait
Bornc. 1812
Robbins Island (Tasmania), Australia
Died20 January 1842 (aged 29–30)
Port Phillip, Australia
Other namesPeevay, Jack of Cape Grim, Tunninerpareway, Jack Napoleon Tarrapurrura
Known forAboriginal freedom fighter

Early life

Tunnerminnerwait was born on Robbins Island in Tasmania in 1812. He was the son of Keeghernewboyheener.[2] Tunnerminnerwait belonged to the Parperloihener clan of the Aboriginal North West nation in Tasmania.[3] His name means "waterbird".[2]

Tunnerminnerwait spoke English well and was 5'8"(171 cm) tall.[3] He was also known as Peevay (Pevay), Napoleon, Jack of Cape Grim, Jack Napoleon Tarraparrura and Tunninerpareway. His wife was Planobeena (Fanny) who was the sister of Aboriginal leader and freedom fighter Eumarrah.[2]

Encounters with colonists

Tunnerminnerwait grew up on the island of Tasmania, the second European settlement area in Australia after Sydney Cove. Relations between the Aboriginal people inhabiting the island and the settlers became very hostile leading to attacks and massacres. The first massacre of Tasmanian Aboriginal people occurred at Risdon Cove in 1804, when troops fired on a group which included women and children. By 1806 clashes between Aboriginal people and settlers were common and the Cape Grim massacre occurred on 10 February 1828. According to historian Professor Lyndall Ryan, (University of Newcastle) "Tunnerminnerwait had witnessed the Cape Grim massacre in 1828 as an 11-year-old, when a lot of his own people were killed. His whole family had fallen apart as a result."[4]

Tunnerminnerwait first met civil servant George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector of Aborigines, at Robbins Island in June 1830.[2] He worked for Robinson as one of his guides on expeditions around the island from 1830 to 1835.[3] In October 1835 Tunnerminnerwait went with Robinson to Flinders Island, a settlement where the remaining Aboriginal population were exiled. Robinson spoke of him as "an exceeding willing and industrious young man", who was "stout and well made, of good temper, and performed his work equal to any white man".[1][2] A portrait of Tunnerminnerwait was painted by the convict artist Thomas Bock between 1831 and 1835. It was published in James Fenton's history of Tasmania.[5]

Relocating to the mainland

Tunnerminnerwait and Planobeena were among sixteen Tasmanian Aborigines whom George Robinson brought to Melbourne in 1839 with the intention that they would help to "civilise" the Victorian "blacks" when he became Chief Protector of Aborigines at Port Phillip.[2][6]

Tunnerminnerwait went with George Robinson on a major tour of the Western District from March to August 1841. During the tour they gathered testimonies about frontier violence in the Western District and investigated the Convincing Ground massacre in which between 60 and 200 members of a Gunditjmara clan were killed by whale-hunters at Portland Bay.[7][8] After his return, Tunnerminnerwait and four others left Melbourne.[4]

Resistance

In September 1841, Tunnerminnerwait (Peevay) and Planobeena (Fanny) and three others, including Truganini and Timme waged an eight-week campaign of resistance against the European settlement in the Port Philip area. They stole two guns and some ammunition from a settler's hut at Bass River.[6] They robbed stations from Dandenong to Western Port and South Gippsland districts on the outskirts of Melbourne over the next seven weeks.[6] They wounded four white men and killed two.

It took three military expeditions to successfully track and capture them, with the help of native police.[9][10] All five were captured in November 1841[6] at Powlett River.

Trial and judgement

They appeared before Judge Willis on 20 December 1841 in Melbourne, charged with murder. The five were defended by Redmond Barry who was the standing Defence Council for Aborigines.[6] Barry questioned the legal basis of British authority over Aborigines who were not citizens and claimed that the evidence was dubious and circumstantial.[6] None of the five people charged were permitted to give evidence in court.[11]

"The press reported the exchanges in the court in this fashion: 'After a good deal of conversation an affidavit being made as to the absence of a material witness, Mr. Croke stated his intention of abandoning the principle charge for murder in consequence of not being able to obtain the witness who was so material. His Honour did not wish that justice should be so administered as to afford murderers to escape the justice of the law: he did not wish such a thing to occur in his district.'"[12]

"If Willis was cited accurately by the press in describing the accused as murderers' before any evidence was led to convict them (and more than one newspaper carried this commentary), then, he seriously misconceived the rights of the prisoners to a fair trial in which their guilt had to be established by the prosecution beyond a reasonable doubt. In those circumstances a robust defence counsel would have submitted that Willis disqualify himself for prejudging the case."[12]

The Supreme Court found the two men, Tunnerminnerwait ("Jack Napoleon Tarraparrura") and Timme ("Robert Timmy Jimmy Small-boy") guilty of the murder of the two whalers, Cook and Yankey at Western Port on 6 October 1841.[13] Tunnerminnerwait was reported as saying that "after his death he would join his father in Van Diemen's Land and hunt kangaroo".[2]

Death

Together with Timme, Tunnerminnerwait was executed for murder on 20 January 1842. They were the first public executions to take place in the District of Port Phillip, the colony to become known as Melbourne.[14]

Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner were the first people to be hanged by the Government in the District of Port Phillip, in 1842. A total of six people were hanged that year. The six hangings of 1842 remain the only judicially approved public executions in Melbourne's history, giving them particular historical significance.

— Claire Land, Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner: The involvement of Aboriginal people from Tasmania in key events of early Melbourne

Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner were later buried in an unmarked grave on a site that is now home to the Queen Victoria Market.[15]

Memorials
Memorial to Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner in Melbourne
  • In 2008 the Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner Commemoration Committee was established to hold a yearly commemoration at the site of their execution.[6][11][16]
  • The Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner public marker exists at the place of execution at the site of the Old Melbourne Gaol. The website contains historical research and information on the artists commissioned for the marker, artist Brook Andrew, along with Trent Walter.[17]

See also

References
  1. Robinson, George Augustus; Plomley, N. J. B. (Norman James Brian); Tasmanian Historical Research Association (1966), Friendly mission : the Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson, 1829-1834, Tasmanian Historical Research Association, retrieved 1 December 2014
  2. Roe, Michael. "Eumarrah (1798–1832)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  3. "Peevay (Tunnerminnerwait), Aboriginal Life Stories – Robinson's Clan Guides". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  4. "The forgotten war that led to Port Phillip's first public executions". Hindsight, 28 November 2014. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  5. Fenton, James; Walker, James Backhouse, 1841–1899 (1884), A history of Tasmania from its discovery in 1642 to the present time, J. Walch ; Launceston : Walch Bros. and Birchall, retrieved 9 January 2015CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. "Lest we forget the Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner saga". Tunnerminnerwait & Maulboyheenner Commemoration Committee. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  7. "Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner". City of Melbourne. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  8. Land, Clare; Melbourne (Vic.). Council (issuing body.) (2014), Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner : the involvement of Aboriginal people from Tasmania in key events of early Melbourne, [Melbourne, Victoria] City of Melbourne, ISBN 978-1-74250-980-8
  9. "Time for a memorial to commemorate the Indigenous Resistance in early Melbourne history". Radical Tradition. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  10. Roberts, Janine (1986), Jack of Cape Grim : a Victorian adventure, Greenhouse Publications, 1986, ISBN 978-0-86436-007-6
  11. Green, M (5 February 2014). "Once were warriors". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  12. Auty, Kate (2016). Hunt them, hang them : 'the Tasmanians' in Port Phillip 1841-42. Melbourne: Melbourne Justice Press; Clayton : Legal Service Bulletin Cooperative. ISBN 9780959472769.
  13. "SUPREME COURT". Geelong Advertiser. Vic. 27 December 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 1 December 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. Eidelson, Meyer; Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (1997), The Melbourne dreaming : a guide to the Aboriginal places of Melbourne, Aboriginal Studies Press, ISBN 978-0-85575-306-1
  15. Cunningham, Sophie (2011). Melbourne. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781742231389.
  16. Toscano, Joseph (2008), Lest we forget : the Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyhenner saga, Anarchist Media Institute, ISBN 978-0-9758219-4-7
  17. "Tunnerminnerwait and Maulboyheenner public marker". City of Melbourne. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

Further reading
  • Childs, Kevin. Remembering Those Who Went First. Australian Rationalist, The, No. 87, Summer 2011: 23–25.
  • McFarlane, I (2001), Pevay, a casualty of war, THRA, retrieved 1 December 2014
  • Fels, Marie Hansen; Clark, David and White, Rene. Mistaken identity, not aboriginal resistance. Quadrant, Vol. 58, No. 10, Oct 2014: 74–83.
  • Saltmarsh, Robert. Tunnerminnerwait, the waterbird calls no more. 40 [degrees] South, No. 48, Autumn 2008: 29–34.
  • Stevens, Leonie. The phenomenal coolness of Tunnerminnerwait. Victorian Historical Journal, Vol. 81, No. 1, June 2010: 18–40.
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