Tubular neighborhood

In mathematics, a tubular neighborhood of a submanifold of a smooth manifold is an open set around it resembling the normal bundle.

A curve, in blue, and some lines perpendicular to it, in green. Small portions of those lines around the curve are in red.

A close up of the figure above. The curve is in blue, and its tubular neighborhood T is in red. With the notation in the article, the curve is S, the space containing the curve is M, and T=j(N).

A schematic illustration of the normal bundle N, with the zero section N₀ in blue. The transformation j maps N₀ to the curve S in the figure above, and N to the tubular neighbourhood of S.

The idea behind a tubular neighborhood can be explained in a simple example. Consider a smooth curve in the plane without self-intersections. On each point on the curve draw a line perpendicular to the curve. Unless the curve is straight, these lines will intersect among themselves in a rather complicated fashion. However, if one looks only in a narrow band around the curve, the portions of the lines in that band will not intersect, and will cover the entire band without gaps. This band is a tubular neighborhood.

In general, let S be a submanifold of a manifold M, and let N be the normal bundle of S in M. Here S plays the role of the curve and M the role of the plane containing the curve. Consider the natural map

${\displaystyle i:N_{0}\to S}$

which establishes a bijective correspondence between the zero section N₀ of N and the submanifold S of M. An extension j of this map to the entire normal bundle N with values in M such that j(N) is an open set in M and j is a homeomorphism between N and j(N) is called a tubular neighbourhood.

Often one calls the open set T = j(N), rather than j itself, a tubular neighbourhood of S, it is assumed implicitly that the homeomorphism j mapping N to T exists.

Normal tube

A normal tube to a smooth curve is a manifold defined as the union of all discs such that

• all the discs have the same fixed radius;
• the center of each disc lies on the curve; and
• each disc lies in a plane normal to the curve where the curve passes through that disc's center.

Formal definition

Let S ⊂ M be smooth manifolds. A tubular neighborhood of S in M is a vector bundle ${\displaystyle \pi :E\to S}$ together with a smooth map ${\displaystyle J:E\to M}$ such that

• ${\displaystyle J\circ 0_{E}=i}$ where i is the embedding ${\displaystyle S\hookrightarrow M}$ and ${\displaystyle 0_{E}}$ the zero section
• ${\displaystyle \exists \ U\subseteq E,V\subseteq M}$ with ${\displaystyle 0_{E}[S]\subseteq U}$ and ${\displaystyle S\subseteq V}$ such that ${\displaystyle J|_{U}:U\to V}$ is a diffeomorphism

The normal bundle is a tubular neighborhood and because of the diffeomorphism condition in the second point, all tubular neighborhood have the same dimension, namely (the dimension of the vector bundle considered as a manifold is) that of M.

Generalizations

Generalizations of smooth manifolds yield generalizations of tubular neighborhoods, such as regular neighborhoods, or spherical fibrations for Poincaré spaces.

These generalizations are used to produce analogs to the normal bundle, or rather to the stable normal bundle, which are replacements for the tangent bundle (which does not admit a direct description for these spaces).

See also

• Parallel curve (aka offset curve)

References

• Raoul Bott, Loring W. Tu (1982). Differential forms in algebraic topology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90613-4.

• Morris W. Hirsch (1976). Differential Topology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90148-5.

• Waldyr Muniz Oliva (2002). Geometric Mechanics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-44242-1.