Tripleurospermum inodorum

Tripleurospermum inodorum, common names scentless false mayweed,[1] scentless mayweed, scentless chamomile, wild chamomile, mayweed, false chamomile, and Baldr's brow, is the type species of Tripleurospermum. This plant is native to Eurasia and North Africa, and introduced to North America, where it is commonly found in fields, fallow land and gardens.[2]

Tripleurospermum inodorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tripleurospermum
Species:
T. inodorum
Binomial name
Tripleurospermum inodorum
Synonyms
  • Matricaria inodora L.
  • Matricaria perforata Mérat
  • Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M.Laínz

Historically included the genus Matricaria, Tripleurospermum inodorum has been the subject of some controversy, with many revisions in recent years. The Flora Europaea uses Matricaria perforata for this species. Synonyms/other scientific names include Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Lainz, Tripleurospermum maritimum subsp. inodorum.

Ecology
Cotyledons
  • Height: 20–80 cm (8–32 in.). Usually 1-stemmed. Stem erect–ascending, branching, glabrous, green.
  • Flower: Single flower-like, usually 3–5 cm (1.2–2 in.) capitula, surrounded by involucral bracts. Capitula's ray-florets white, tongue-like, tip shallowly 3-toothed; disc florets yellow, tubular, small. Stamens 5. Pistil of 2 fused carpels. Involucral bracts different lengths, 1–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in.) broad, light brown–white margins. Disc stacked, full. Capitula 1–20 borne in a corymbose cluster.
  • Cotyledons：oribicular to oblong， very small，3 to 5 mm long, Stalkless[3]
  • Leaves and stems: Alternate, short-stalked–stalkless. Blade 2–3 times pinnately lobed (–with leaflets), glabrous, lobes (or leaflets) long, thread-like narrow, sharp-pointed. Leaves are ¾ to 3 inches long, feathery with a few to numerous thread-like branching lobes. Stems are single, erect, branched in the upper plant, weakly ridged or lined, hairless though sparsely hairy when young.[4]
  • Fruit: Flattish, ridged achene, with 2 round–angular oil spots, tip sometimes with small, membranous ring.
  • Habitat: Fields, fallow land, lawns, wasteland, roadsides, yards, gardens.
  • Flowering time: June–October.[5]
  • Life cycle: annual, short-lived perennial[6]

Pollen is collected by solitary bees.[7]

Ecological definition: Weed. Tripleurospermum inodorum has been classified as a noxious weed (class C) in the state of Washington and is considered invasive in other states (it is resistant to some herbicides); it is a weed of cereals in western Canada. W. L. Applequist (2002) has shown that the name Matricaria inodora is not a superfluous new name for M. chamomilla as earlier stated by S. Rauschert (1974). Therefore, the appropriate name under Tripleuro-spermum is T. inodorum. She also considered its type to belong in T. maritimum and formally recognized it there as subsp. inodorum, on the basis of hybridization with other T. maritimum subspecies (A. Vaarama 1953); on the same basis, however, Hämet-Ahti maintained the species distinction between T. inodorum and T. maritimum, while making T. phaeocephalum a subspecies of the latter. [8] According to Canadian regulations, it is classified as Secondary Noxious, Class 3 and Noxious, Class 5 in the Canadian Weed Seeds Order, 2016 under the Seeds Act.[9]

Similar species

False mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum)
  • False mayweed achenes are a similar size, brown colour, and rectangular shape as scentless chamomile. The rib arrangement and the resin glands are also similar to scentless chamomile.
  • False mayweed achenes usually have less space between the ribs, the resin glands cannot be seen from the top of the achene, and the resin glands are often brown and oval rather than round and reddish compared to scentless chamomile.[10]

Mythology

In Sweden and Norway, it is called Baldr's brow, but in Iceland, it is the close relative Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima) that carries this name.[11] In Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson explains that the name Balder's brow comes from the plants' whiteness:

Annarr sonr Óðins er Baldr, ok er frá honum gott at segja. Hann er beztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svá fagr álitum ok bjartr, svá at lýsir af honum, ok eitt gras er svá hvítt, at jafnat er til Baldrs brár. Þat er allra grasa hvítast, ok þar eftir máttu marka fegurð hans bæði á hár ok á líki. Hann er vitrastr ásanna ok fegrst talaðr ok líknsamastr, en sú náttúra fylgir honum, at engi má haldast dómr hans. Hann býr þar, sem heitir Breiðablik. Þat er á himni. Í þeim stað má ekki vera óhreint[.][12]
The second son of Odin is Baldr, and good things are to be said of him. He is best, and all praise him; he is so fair of feature, and so bright, that light shines from him. A certain herb is so white that it is likened to Baldr's brow; of all grasses it is whitest, and by it thou mayest judge his fairness, both in hair and in body. He is the wisest of the Æsir, and the fairest-spoken and most gracious; and that quality attends him, that none may gainsay his judgments. He dwells in the place called Breidablik, which is in heaven; in that place may nothing unclean be[.][13]

References and footnotes
  1. "Tripleurospermum perforatum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  2. "Scentless Mayweed". NatureGate.
  3. "Burke Herbarium Image Collection". biology.burke.washington.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  4. "Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless False Mayweed): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  5. "Scentless Mayweed, Tripleurospermum inodorum - Flowers - NatureGate". www.luontoportti.com. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  6. "Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless False Mayweed): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  7. Wood, Thomas J.; Holland, John M.; Goulson, Dave (2016). "Providing foraging resources for solitary bees on farmland: current schemes for pollinators benefit a limited suite of species" (PDF). Journal of Applied Ecology. 54: 323–333. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12718.
  8. "Tripleurospermum inodorum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  9. Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2014-11-06). "Weed Seed: Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless chamomile)". inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  10. Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2014-11-06). "Weed Seed: Tripleurospermum inodorum (Scentless chamomile)". inspection.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  11. Den virtuella floran (in Swedish)
  12. An online edition of the Old Norse text.
  13. Brodeur's translation in English.

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