Trench nephritis

Trench nephritis, also known as war nephritis, is a kidney infection, first recognised by medical officers as a new disease during the early part of the First World War and distinguished from the then-understood acute nephritis by also having bronchitis and frequent relapses. Trench nephritis was the major kidney problem of the war. The cause was not established at the time, treatments were ineffective, and the condition led to 35,000 British and 2,000 American casualties.

Trench nephritis
Other namesWar nephritis[1]
Specialty
SymptomsAlbuminuria, high blood pressure, swelling, casts in urine, difficulty breathing and bronchitis.[2]
Risk factorsTrench warfare
PrognosisLow mortality, long recovery, frequent relapses

The term trench nephritis was coined by Nathan Raw and was first reported in the British Medical Journal in 1915 as affecting soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in Flanders. Soldiers presented with sudden-onset albuminuria, casts in urine, high blood pressure, swelling of legs or face, headache, sore throat and difficulty breathing and bronchitis. Pathology suggested an underlying inflammation of the small blood vessels of the kidneys.

Later evidence showed that trench nephritis may have been due to hantavirus, carried by rodents.

Background

Before the First World War, kidney diseases had been described in medical textbooks by physicians including Sir William Osler in 1909 and Marcus Seymour Pembrey in 1913.[3] In November 1914, in the early months of the First World War, there were four million men living in 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of trenches, with which three diseases came to be closely associated: trench fever, trench foot, and trench nephritis.[4]

  • Indian soldiers in trenches, Gallipoli (1915)
  • British soldier in trenches, Somme (1916)
  • Canadian soldiers in trenches, Somme (1916)
  • Italian soldiers in trenches (1918)

First World War

Trench nephritis, a term coined by Nathan Raw,[1] was first reported in soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in Flanders in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 1915. The article included a list of possible causes, including influenza, metal poisoning, toxins as a result of constipation, or a type of beriberi. There was a wide spectrum of opinion on the origin of the condition. Some believed it was a result of scarlet fever. Thomas Oliver wrote authoritatively in the BMJ that exposure was a cause. The Germans had reported that the disease occurred in a particular division of their army among those soldiers who slept on pavement rather than those who slept on wooden boards.[5][6] Thereafter, the Medical Research Council began to investigate the new disease at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and the findings were discussed during the Royal Society of Medicine meeting in February 1916, with Osler as one of the four key speakers.[6] At the time, consensus held with some uncertainty that the then understood acute nephritis was due to toxins, not infection.[6] That this was not the case with the newly found nephritis was debated in several medical journals.[3] Further clarity on an infectious cause was clouded by the finding that some cases did occur in men who had not been in the trenches, urine and blood cultures did not show any infection, and the disease did not appear to spread to areas near the trenches.[3][7]

Affected soldiers presented with sudden onset of albuminuria, high blood pressure, swelling of legs or face, headache, sore throat and difficulty breathing and bronchitis. Casts were seen in the urine.[1][2] It was distinguished from acute nephritis by its prolonged course and subsequent frequent relapses.[2] Pathology revealed narrowing of small blood vessels in the kidneys, capillary thrombi, and a proliferation of cells affecting the capillary lumen, suggesting an underlying inflammation of blood vessels.[2]

The cause was not established during the war and therefore preventative measures were not implemented.[2] Trench nephritis was ineffectively treated in the same way that acute nephritis had been treated before the war. Research into the condition was stopped in 1918.[1]

Epidemiology

Along with other trench diseases such as trench foot and trench fever, trench nephritis contributed to 25% of the British Expeditionary Force's triage bed occupancy and was the major kidney problem of the First World War.[2][8] The condition led to hundreds of deaths and 35,000 British and 2,000 American casualties.[1][9] The mortality was low, but men took a long time to recover.[1]

Significance
Hantavirus transmission

Trench warfare was significant in subsequent wars such as the Second World War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War.[4] Of the trench diseases, trench foot made a reappearance in the British Army during the Falklands War in 1982.[10] Trench fever has also been detected during peacetime in homeless alcoholic people and people with HIV.[4] There has since been evidence that a rise in kidney disease during the American Civil War and the occurrence of First World War trench nephritis may have been due to the rodent-spread hantavirus.[11][12] A similar kidney disease was reported in epidemic proportions in 1934 in Sweden.[11]

References
  1. Atenstaedt, R. L. (August 2006). "The medical response to trench nephritis in World War One". Kidney International. 70 (4): 635–640. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001618. ISSN 0085-2538. PMID 16820794.
  2. Maher, John F. (1 May 1986). "Trench Nephritis: A Retrospective Perception". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 7 (5): 355–362. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(86)80082-8. ISSN 0272-6386. PMID 3518420.
  3. Atenstaedt (2011), Chapter 3.2. Defining the Trench Diseases: Trench Nephritis pp.100-123
  4. Atenstaedt (2011), Chapter 1. Key concepts and questions pp.1-4
  5. Atenstaedt (2011), Chapter 3.1. Defining the Trench Diseases: Introduction pp.45
  6. Smogorzewski, Miroslaw J. (February 2016). "William Osler and investigation on trench nephritis". Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia. 33 Suppl 66: 33.S66.19. ISSN 1724-5990. PMID 26913887.
  7. Brown, W. Langdon (15 February 1916). "Discussion on Trench Nephritis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 9 (Joint_Discuss): i–xl. doi:10.1177/003591571600900601. ISSN 0035-9157. S2CID 199779128.
  8. D’Souza, Michael Hilary; Patel, Trushar R. (7 August 2020). "Biodefense Implications of New-World Hantaviruses". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8: 925. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00925. ISSN 2296-4185. PMC 7426369. PMID 32850756.
  9. Newman, Edmund N. C.; Johnstone, Penelope; Bridge, Hannah; Wright, Deborah; Jameson, Lisa; Bosworth, Andrew; Hatch, Rebecca; Hayward-Karlsson, Jenny; Osborne, Jane; Bailey, Mark S.; Green, Andrew (December 2014). "Seroconversion for infectious pathogens among UK military personnel deployed to Afghanistan, 2008-2011". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (12): 2015–2022. doi:10.3201/eid2012.131830. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 4257834. PMID 25418685.
  10. Thompson, Julian (18 September 2014). "Falklands Conflict Gallery By Major General Julian Thompson". BBC. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  11. Clement, Jan; Heyman, Paul; McKenna, Paula; Colson, Paul; Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana (1997). "The Hantaviruses of Europe: from the Bedside to the Bench - Volume 3, Number 2—June 1997 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3 (2): 205–11. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970218. PMC 2627610. PMID 9204306.
  12. Heyman, Paul; Vaheri, Antti; Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana (2009). "Hantavirus infections in Europe". Medscape. Retrieved 7 December 2020.; Griffiths, John (2009). Communication and the First World War. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-138-34360-3.; Heyman, Paul; Simons, Leopold; Cochez, Christel (7 January 2014). "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses?". Viruses. 6 (1): 151–171. doi:10.3390/v6010151. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3917436. PMID 24402305.

Further reading
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