Treaty of Friendship

A Treaty of Friendship, also known as a Friendship Treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, Friendship Treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.[2]

History

Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.[3][4]

Terminology

In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many bilateral treaties the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred so-called "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.[5]

List of Friendship Treaties

List of Friendship Treaties

Signatories	Treaty	Date Signed
Mosquito Coast  United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	16 March 1740
France  United States	Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)	6 February 1778
Morocco  United States	Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship	28 June 1786
Ottoman Empire  United States	Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary)	4 November 1796
Hawaii  United States	Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	1849
Brunei  United States	Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation	23 June 1850
Japan  United Kingdom	Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty	14 October 1854
Korea  United States	United States–Korea Treaty of 1882	1882
Brazil  Japan	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan[6]	1895
Tonga  United Kingdom	Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom	1900
Bolivia  Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)	20 October 1904
Mongolia  Tibet	Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet	11 January 1913
Persia  Soviet Union	Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship	26 February 1921
Turkey  Soviet Union	Treaty of Moscow (1921) [note 1]	16 March 1921
Portugal  Spain	Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression	17 March 1939
Nazi Germany  Soviet Union	German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation	23 August 1939
Nazi Germany  Turkey	German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship	18 June 1941
Ecuador  Peru	Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace	29 January 1942
China  Soviet Union	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance	14 August 1945
Taiwan  United States	Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China	4 November 1946
Finland  Soviet Union	Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948	8 April 1948
India    Nepal	1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship	31 July 1950
Netherlands  United States	DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty)	27 March 1956
North Korea  Soviet Union	The DPRK-Soviet Union Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[7]	6 July 1961
China  North Korea	Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty	11 July 1961
France  Germany	Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship	22 January 1963
India  Soviet Union	Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	August 1971
Bangladesh  India	Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace	19 March 1972
Australia  Japan	Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation	16 June 1976
Portugal  Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal	2 November 1977
China  Japan	Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China	12 August 1978
People's Republic of Kampuchea  Vietnam	Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation[8]	1979
Kiribati  United States	Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati	20 September 1979
Equatorial Guinea  Spain	Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980	23 October 1980
Argentina  Chile	Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina	29 November 1984
Kazakhstan  Russia	Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[9]	25 May 1992
Tajikistan  Russia	Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[10]	25 May 1993
Russia  Ukraine	Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty	31 May 1997
North Korea  Russia	North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000	9 February 2000
China  Russia	2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship	16 July 2001
Italy  Libya	Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya[11]	2008

1. The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

See also

• Treaty
• Commercial treaty
• List of treaties

References

1. Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
2. Devere, Heather. Friendship in International Treaties. pp. 182–198.
3. "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
4. Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
5. Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
6. Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
7. Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
8. Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
9. "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
10. "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
11. Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.