Toi gold mine

The Toi gold mine (土肥鉱山, also 土肥金山, Toi kinzan) was an important gold mine during the Edo period in Japan, located within what is now part of the city of Izu, Shizuoka Prefecture in the middle of the Izu Peninsula. It remained in operation to the mid-twentieth century.

Toi gold mine
土肥金山

Toi gold mine.
Location
Toi gold mine Location in Japan Toi gold mine Toi gold mine (Japan)
Shizuoka Prefecture
Country	Japan
Coordinates	34°54′30″N 138°47′35″E
Production
Products	Gold Silver
Production	40 tonnes gold 400 tonnes silver
History
Opened	1601
Closed	1965
Owner
Company	Tokugawa shogunate Japanese government 1917: Toi Kinzan KK. 1931: Sumitomo Group 1942: Toi Kōgyō KK Present: Toi Marine Kankō KK

History

The Minister of Gold Mines Okubo was put in charge of exploiting Toi.

Mining at Toi gold mine in the 17th century.

Tokugawa coinage depended partly on the output of Toi gold mine.

Small-scale gold mining is said to have started at Toi around 1370 during the period of the Ashikaga shogunate.[1] The gold mine was operated on a large scale from the time of Tokugawa Ieyasu in the late 16th century.[2] Several mines were open in 1577, but Tokugawa Ieyasu endeavored to their development from 1601.[1] He put the exploitation of the mine under the responsibility of a Kinzan Bugyō selected from the Ōkubo clan.

Toi was one of around 60 goldmines located in the Izu Peninsula, including Yugashima or [[Nawaji,[2] [1] The gold and silver produced by these mines permitted the production of Tokugawa coinage, and allowed for the prosperity of the Tokugawa. The village of Toi itself became highly prosperous, with numerous trades flooding in to service the workers and the administration at the gold mine, so that Toi became known as "Toi Sengen" (土肥千軒, "Toi of the 1,000 shops").[1]

The mine became less productive as it became flooded.[2] Workers were killed because of the exhausting conditions due to seeping hot springs, and poor oxygen content of air, leading to the installation of water pumps and ventilators at numerous intervals.[3]

In 1917, gold was again discovered at the mine, and exploitation continued under the company Toi Kinzan KK. In 1931, the mine entered Sumitomo Group, and passed under Toi Kōgyō KK in 1942. The mine was ultimately closed in 1965 and then reopened for tourism.[3]

Characteristics

Toi was the second most productive gold mine in Japan, after the gold mine of Sado in Niigata Prefecture. During its period of exploitation, it produced in total 40 tons of gold and 400 tons of silver, whereas Sado produced as much as 80 tons of gold.[1] One ton of rock would produce in average 5 to 10 grams of gold, although 30 grams ore was common, and some rock has yielded as much as 600 g of gold per ton.

• 
  In situ gold-bearing vein (in brown).
• 
  Rich Toi rock sample (0.6 kg of gold and 7.2 kg of silver for 1 ton of rock).
• 
  Toi rock with visible gold specks.
• 
  Toi ore with visible gold specks (30g of gold and 250g of silver per ton).

Galleries

The galleries of the mine total about 100 kilometers in length, over a surface of 37 hectares, and go as deep as 180 meters below sea level.[1] The area visible for tourism is about 350m long, and goes about 150 meters deep into mountain rock.

• 
  Central gallery.
• 
  A secondary gallery in the Toi gold mine.
• 
  Gallery with wooden supports.
• 
  Torii dedicated to the mine gods (山神社) inside the galleries.

Legacy

Left image: The world's largest gold bar, at 250 kg, can be seen -and touched- at the Toi Gold Museum. Dimensions: base 455x225 mm, top 393x160 mm, height 170mm.[4]
Right image: Guinness World Record Certificate for the gold bar.

The mine is now partially open for visits, and has become a tourist attraction. A "Shrine of the mine gods" (山神社) is visible inside the galleries.

The Toi Gold Museum (土肥黄金館) built nearby, describes the history of the mine and gold mining in Japan. The museum received some fame for housing the world's largest gold bar, weighing 250 kg,[5][6] and representing a value of about $14.7 million in January 2012. The bar obtained an official Guinness record certificate for "The largest manufactured pure gold bar":[7]

"The largest manufactured pure gold bar weighs 250 kg (551.150 lb) and was made by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation on 11 June 2005 at the Naoshima Smelter and Refinery, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan"

— Guinness World Records Certificate.[7]

Notes

1. Toi Gold Museum
2. Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 411. ISBN 0-674-01753-6.
3. Toi gold museum
4. Japan Guide photograph
5. The Japan Journal November 2005 Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
6. Japan Times 17 January 2005
7. Guinness World Records certificate at Toi Mine Museum