Thomas Powell (botanist)

Thomas Powell (18 June 1817 – 6 April 1887)[1] was a British missionary sent by the London Missionary Society in 1844 to Samoa where he remained for 43 years. He was interested in botany, zoology and anthropology and was elected as a Fellow to the Linnean Society of London. During his time on the islands he recorded details of flora, fauna and the culture of the indigenous people.[2][3]

Thomas Powell – missionary to Samoa

Samoa mission

Thomas Powell was born in Cookham Dean, Berkshire and attended Hackney Theological Academy from 1839.[4] He was ordained 29 May 1844 and left London 6 June 1844 with his wife on the inaugural voyage of the missionary barque John Williams. They arrived on the Samoan island of Tutila 31 January 1845 en route to their posting at Savai'i.[5] Powell had little knowledge of the language at this time so his missionary work was initially limited, but he did have medical knowledge and used this to treat those in need. In 1846 Powell was stationed at Pago Pago and in 1848 he went with John Geddie to Aneityum, in what is now Vanuatu, returning in 1849 in bad health to Samoa.[6] He was suffering from malaria, but went against Geddie's wishes.[7] He later wrote that a disagreement had occurred between the missionaries. On his return to Samoa, Powell was stationed at Tutuila where he remained for a large part of his time.[8]

Grave of Rev Thomas Powell

As a botanist, Powell had special interests in bryophytes, fungi and lichens. Herbarium specimens collected by him in the south Pacific region between 1860 and 1890 have been indexed by the Linnean Society of London and a list of the material was published by the society in 2011.[9] He identified many of the Samoan names of plants and his paper on the subject, On Various Samoan Plants and Their Vernacular Names, was published in the 1868 Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 6.[10] Other papers forwarded to the Linnean Society by Powell included details of the poisons used by Samoan islanders to tip arrows and spears.[11] He also submitted a paper on the formation of Atolls. The paper was read, but due to a critical review by Charles Darwin, it was not published.[12]

Powell helped George Pratt compile his dictionary of the Samoan language.[13] He also transcribed the Samoan story of the creation, told to him by a Samoan chief – Taua-nu'u. This is a valuable record of the islanders beliefs before the arrival of the missionaries.[14] In 1886, he published a book called A Manual of Zoology Embracing the Animals of the Scripture, in the Samoan dialect. Many of the animals would have been unknown to the Samoans, so Powell included illustrations where possible.[15][16] After his death his wife forwarded some of his papers written in Samoan to Rev. George Pratt in Sydney Australia. Due to failing eyesight Pratt was unable to make use of the works but a colleague, John Fraser, translated the manuscripts of Samoan myths and folks songs and published them in 1896.[17]

His interests extended to ornithology and he corresponded with Philip Sclater, secretary of the Zoological Society of London, sending specimens for identification. These were passed to Osbert Salvin who presented his findings to the Society in a report 6 January 1879.[18]

Bully Hayes

Bully Hayes was a notorious recruiter of native labour in the South Seas using trickery or kidnap. The practice referred to as blackbirding, supplied plantation owners with workers who often never returned to their homeland. In 1872 Hayes was arrested by Captain Meade of the USS Narragansett in Samoa. However, after investigation, he was released due to lack of evidence. Powell, who had tried before to have Hayes prosecuted, wrote:

How is it that with such a mass of evidence as was collected on his detention here, which is in British blue books proving his kidnapping of the people of Manahiki, that he is allowed to go at large?

He had previously written:

It will be a lamentable inconsistency on the parts of the British and French governments if this iniquitous traffic be allowed under their flags after their intervention, only a few years ago to put a stop to Peruvian proceedings of the same character.[19]

Bully Hayes was killed by a crew mate in 1877.

Family

Powell died on 6 April 1887 in Penzance, Cornwall and is buried in St John the Baptist Churchyard, Eltham, London, England, with his wife Jane Emma and one of his daughters – Hannah. Thomas and Jane Powell had at least seven children; their eldest daughter, Jane Anne (1846–1920), married wealthy James Spicer Jr.(1846–1915), who ran the wholesale paper merchants James Spicer & Sons Limited with his brother Sir Albert Spicer. James Spicer was named as Powell's executor in his will.

Notes

    References
    1. James Sibree, A Register of Missionaries, 4th ed. (London, 1923), 58-59.
    2. "Powell, Thomas (1817–1887)". Retrieved 5 January 2021.
    3. "Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London". Internet Archive. 1886–1887. p. 428. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
    4. "Powell, Thomas (c.1817–1887) 'Register of Students, Hackney Theological Seminary (1803–1926)', Dr Williams's Library, MS NCL/79/1". Dissenting Academies Online. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
    5. "The Shipping Gazette and Sydney general trade list; 1844". The Ships List. Amcestry.com. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
    6. Doug Munro; Andrew Thornley (1996). The Covenant Makers: Islander Missionaries in the Pacific. [email protected]. p. 48. ISBN 978-982-02-0126-2.
    7. John Garrett (1 January 1982). To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania. [email protected]. p. 169. ISBN 978-2-8254-0692-2.
    8. ARMSTRONG, KAREN V. "THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY TUTUILA MISSION" (PDF). American Samoa Historic Preservation Office. THE AMERICAN SAMOA HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
    9. Mitten, William (1868). "A List of the Musci collected by the Rev. Thomas Powell in the Samoa or Navigator's Islands. (Continued.)". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 10 (44): 193–195. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1868.tb00436a.x.
    10. Powell, Thomas (1868). Journal of botany, British and foreign. v.6 1868: On Various Samoan Plants and Their Vernacular Names. Seemann, Berthold. p. 287. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
    11. "ARROW POISON". The Northern Argus. Clare, SA: National Library of Australia. 11 October 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
    12. Darwin, Charles (2015). The Correspondence of Charles Darwin:, Volume 23; Volume 1875. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316473184. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
    13. Cluny Macpherson; La'avasa Macpherson (1 January 1990). Samoan Medical Belief and Practice. Auckland University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-86940-045-3.
    14. Powell, Thomas. "The Samoan Story of Creation". Internet Sacred Text Archive. JOURNAL OF THE POLYNESIAN SOCIETY. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
    15. Powell, Thomas (1886). O le tala i tino o tagata ma mea ola eseese. Unwin Brothers. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
    16. Cluny Macpherson; La'avasa Macpherson (1 January 1990). Samoan Medical Belief and Practice. Auckland University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-86940-045-3.
    17. Fraser, John (1896). "Some Folk Songs and Myths from Samoa". The Journal of the Polynesian Society (Vol. 5, No. 3(19) ed.). 3 (19): 171–183. JSTOR 20701427.
    18. Salvin, Osbert. "On some Birds transmitted from the Samoan Islands by the Rev. T. Powell". BioStor. The Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
    19. Darch, John H. "Missionaries as Humanitarians?" (PDF). St John's College Nottingham. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
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